Echidnas (family Tachyglossidae)

Locally extinct (disputed)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Western long-beaked echidna	Zaglossus bruijnii	Western New Guinea, Indonesia and possibly Kimberley, Western Australia	This critically endangered species occurs in Western New Guinea, Indonesia.[11] The existence of Zaglossus in mainland Australia during the Late Pleistocene is proven by fossils and cave paintings.[12] A more recent presence in mainland Australia is disputed. A 2012 study reported the existence of a previously overlooked specimen in the Natural History Museum, London. The label notes it was collected by John T. Tunney from Mount Anderson in Kimberley, Western Australia in 1901. The study argues that the western long-beaked echidna survived as a rare species in Kimberley into the 20th century based on the circumstantial improbability of a collection label misassignment, the uniqueness of ectoparasites found on the specimen, the similarity of some Kimberley forests to known habitat in New Guinea, and the testimony of an Aboriginal elder.[12] A 2017 study disputes this conclusion and argues that the specimen most likely came from New Guinea and was mislabeled.[13] Additional research such as ancient DNA, stable isotopes, and trace elements may shed more light on this specimen, and targeted studies of relevant Kimberley Pleistocene and Holocene subfossil assemblages would be worthwhile.[12]

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Dog-like marsupials (family Thylacinidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Thylacine	Thylacinus cynocephalus	Mainland Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea	In Tasmania, the last confirmed wild individual was killed in 1931,[14] and the last in captivity died at Hobart Zoo in 1936.[15] Contrary to the consensus, a 2023 statistical analysis of alleged sightings suggested that thylacines survived in remote Tasmanian wilderness for decades past the 1930s. The peak likelihood for thylacine extinction was from the late 1980s through the early 2000s.[16] There is extensive evidence for thylacines in mainland Australia from paleontology and rock art.[17] The scientific consensus is that thylacines were extirpated from mainland Australia around 1277-1229 BCE,[7] although the Thylacine Museum records several alleged mainland sightings from the 19th and 20th centuries.[18] Thylacines were also present in New Guinea until 3050 BCE.[19] The extinction of the thylacine in mainland Australia was likely caused by competition with human hunters and dingos, while in Tasmania it was deliberately exterminated by sheep farmers.[15]

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Marsupial shrews (family Dasyuridae)

Locally extinct

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Tasmanian devil	Sarcophilus harrisii	Mainland Australia and Tasmania	Most recent subfossil remains in mainland Australia were dated to 1277-1229 BCE. The introduction of the dingo, changes and intensification of human hunting, and warming climate have been speculated as possible reasons.[7] The species survives in Tasmania and was reintroduced to New South Wales in 2020.[20]

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Bandicoots (family Peramelidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Desert bandicoot	Perameles eremiana	Central Australia	Last known individual was collected in 1943, with unconfirmed sightings continuing until the 1960s. The extinction was caused by predation by introduced feral cats, red foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia.[21]
New South Wales barred bandicoot	Perameles fasciata	New South Wales[22]	Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.[23] The last individual was collected in 1846.[22]
Southwestern barred bandicoot	Perameles myosuros	Western Australia[24]	Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.[23] The last individual was collected in 1906.[24]
Southern barred bandicoot	Perameles notina	South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales[25]	Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.[23] The last individual was collected in 1857.[25]
Nullarbor barred bandicoot	Perameles papillon	Nullarbor Plain, southern Australia	Described in a 2018 study.[23] The last individual was collected in 1928.[26]
	Peroryctes aruensis	New Guinea	Most recent remains dated to 28000-9000 years ago.[19]

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Bilbies (family Thylacomyidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Lesser bilby	Macrotis leucura	Deserts of Australia	Also known as yallara. The last individual was collected in 1931, though a skull of unknown age was retrieved from a wedge-tailed eagle's nest in 1967. The main causes of extinction are believed to be predation by cats and foxes, possibly exacerbated by changes to the fire regime.[27]

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Pig-footed bandicoots (family Chaeropodidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Southern pig-footed bandicoot	Chaeropus ecaudatus	Southern and western Australia[28]	The last reliably dated individual was collected in 1901, though Pintupi people recalled it surviving in the Gibson desert until the 1950s. The cause of extinction was predation by feral cats and foxes.[29] The two species were considered one until 2019.[28]
Northern pig-footed bandicoot	Chaeropus yirratji	Central Australia[28]

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Brushtail possums and cuscuses (family Phalangeridae)

Trioks, striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, and wrist-winged gliders (family Petauridae)

Ring-tailed possums and allies (family Pseudocheiridae)

Macropods (family Macropodidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Mainland banded hare-wallaby	Lagostrophus fasciatus albipilis[32]	Western Australia	Not considered to be a valid subspecies by some sources.[33]
Lake Mackay hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes asomatus	Between Mount Farewell and Lake Mackay, Northern Territory; possibly Great Sandy, Gibson, and Tanami Deserts	Also known as kuluwarri. The only known specimen was collected in 1932. Western Aboriginal Australians stated that it disappeared between 1940 and 1960. It was possibly driven to extinction by predation by feral cats and foxes, and changes to the fire regime.[34]
South-western rufous hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes hirsutus hirsutus	South-west of Western Australia[35]	The south-western subspecies (L. h. hirsutus) is extinct. Two other subspecies survive: L. h. bernieri and L. h. 'central Australian subspecies'.[35]
Eastern hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes leporides	Interior southeastern Australia	Last specimen was collected in 1889.[36] The species was possibly driven to extinction by habitat loss caused by livestock grazing and increased summer wildfires after the end of native controlled fires in the winter.[37]
Toolache wallaby	Notamacropus greyi	Southeastern Australia	The last confirmed records in the wild happened in 1924. Unconfirmed sightings happened in 1943 and 1950s-1970s, but extensive searching in the 1970s failed to locate any.[38] The last captive animal died in 1939.[39]
Crescent nailtail wallaby	Onychogalea lunata	Western and central Australia	Last recorded individual was killed in 1956.[40] Extinction caused by predation by feral cats and foxes, and human-induced habitat degradation.[41]
Christensen's pademelon	Thylogale christenseni	New Guinea	Most recent remains dated to 1738-1385 BCE.[31]

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Bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos (family Potoroidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Desert bettong	Bettongia anhydra	Tanami Desert and Nullarbor Plain	Only known from one specimen collected in the Tanami in 1933 and subfossil material from the Nullarbor. The causes of extinction are presumed to be predation by feral cats and foxes, and changes to the fire regime.[42]
South-eastern woylie	Bettongia penicillata penicillata	South-eastern Australia[43]	The woylie experienced a large reduction in population size and range due to extensive land clearing and the introduction of feral cats and red foxes. The south-eastern subspecies (B. p. penicillata) is considered extinct. The surviving south-western subspecies (B. p. ogilbyi) is critically endangered.[43]
Nullarbor dwarf bettong	Bettongia pusilla	Nullarbor Plain, Hampton and Mallee bioregions	Known only from subfossil remains but considered to have survived until European settlement.[44]
Desert rat-kangaroo	Caloprymnus campestris	Channel Country and possibly southeastern Queensland	Last confirmed record in 1935 near Ooroowilanie, east of Lake Eyre, though several unconfirmed sightings were recorded in South Australia and Queensland between 1957 and 2011. It is considered to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats and foxes, though habitat degradation by herbivores could have contributed.[45]
Broad-faced potoroo	Potorous platyops	From the Swan Coastal Plain to the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas, and Kangaroo Island	Last recorded in 1875. Presumed to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats, exotic diseases, inappropriate fire regimes, habitat loss and degradation due to grazing livestock.[46]

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Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
White-footed rabbit rat	Conilurus albipes	South-eastern South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and eastern Queensland	Last recorded 1860-1862 in Victoria, where it was at one time common and even regarded as a pest, though a possible observational record was made near Deniliquin, New South Wales, in the early 1940s. It probably disappeared due to predation by cats, though human-induced habitat degradation could have contributed.[47]
Capricorn rabbit rat	Conilurus capricornensis	Queensland	Known only from subfossil remains but considered to have survived until European settlement. Since there has not been a targeted survey for the Capricorn rabbit rat, there is a thin hope of its survival, although this is unlikely.[48]
Lesser stick-nest rat	Leporillus apicalis	Arid and semiarid central Australia	The last two specimens were collected south of the Musgrave Ranges in 1933, and the last unconfirmed sighting happened in 1970 in a cave along Canning Stock Route. Considered to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats, possibly helped by habitat degradation caused by introduced grazers.[49]
Bramble Cay melomys	Melomys rubicola	Bramble Cay, Queensland	Last recorded in 2009. Disappeared due to increasing storms that depleted the island of vegetation.[50] Its extinction was described as the first extinction of a mammal species due to anthropogenic climate change.[51]
Short-tailed hopping mouse	Notomys amplus	From north-eastern South Australia and south-eastern Northern Territory to North West Cape	The only known specimens came from Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory in 1896. Subfossils indicate that it had a wide distribution in the central and western arid zone. Reasons for extinction are unknown, but could have been predation by feral cats and foxes.[52]
Long-tailed hopping-mouse	Notomys longicaudatus	From north-western New South Wales to North West Cape	Last collected in Barrow Creek, Northern Territory in 1901-1902. Extinction attributed to predation by feral cats.[53]
Big-eared hopping-mouse	Notomys macrotis	Western central wheatbelt of Western Australia	Last collected in 1843 near New Norcia. Considered to have been driven to extinction primarily by epizootic disease or predation by feral cats, with habitat degradation by sheep grazing as secondary factor.[54]
Darling Downs hopping mouse	Notomys mordax	Darling Downs, Queensland	Known from a single skull purchased in 1846. Considered extinct because of predation by feral cats, with habitat destruction by agriculture and livestock farming as possible contributors.[55]
Great hopping mouse	Notomys robustus	Davenport and Flinders Ranges, South Australia	Known only from skulls taken in old owl roosts.[56]
Blue-gray mouse	Pseudomys glaucus	South-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales	Last collected with certainty before 1892. Extinction considered to have been due to habitat clearance, predation by feral cats and possibly red foxes.[57]
Maclear's rat	Rattus macleari	Christmas Island	Last collected in 1901-1902. Became extinct after being infected by trypanosome carried by fleas hosted by black rats, which were accidentally introduced by the SS Hindustan in 1900.[58][59]
Bulldog rat	Rattus nativitatis	Christmas Island	Last recorded in 1897-1898. Became extinct after being infected by trypanosome carried by fleas hosted by black rats introduced in 1900. It was rarer than R. macleari and disappeared first.[59]

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True shrews (family Soricidae)

Megabats (family Pteropodidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Percy Island flying fox	Pteropus brunneus	Percy Islands, Queensland	Known from a single specimen collected in 1874, though bats were reported as plentiful in the islands at the end of the 19th century. Possibly disappeared because of habitat loss.[62]

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Possibly extinct, megabats (family Pteropodidae)

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Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Aru flying fox	Pteropus aruensis	Aru Islands, Indonesia	Described in the mid-19th century. No sightings were made in the 20th century, but a jawbone found in a kitchen midden in 1992 probably belongs to this species.[63]

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Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Cassowaries and emus (family Casuariidae)

Megapodes (family Megapodidae)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Cormorants and shags (family Phalacrocoracidae)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Barn-owls (family Tytonidae)

Kea and kākā (family Nestoridae)

Cockatoos (family Cacatuidae)

Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)

Australasian wrens (family Maluridae)

Bristlebirds (family Dasyornithidae)

Australian warblers (family Acanthizidae)

Cuckooshrikes and allies (family Campephagidae)

Fantails and silktails (family Rhipiduridae)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Australasian robins (family Petroicidae)

White-eyes (family Zosteropidae)

Grassbirds and allies (family Locustellidae)

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

Starlings (family Sturnidae)

Common geckos (family Gekkonidae)

Skinks (family Scincidae)

Australian ground frogs (family Myobatrachidae)

Treefrogs and allies (family Hylidae)

Handfish (family Brachionichthyidae)

Galaxias (family Galaxiidae)

Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)

Family Bothriembryontidae

Family Achatinellidae

Family Megascolecidae

Australian Capital Territory

Threatened species are listed under the Nature Conservation Act 2014 in the Australian Capital Territory.

New South Wales

There are 35 taxa "presumed extinct" as specified in Part 4 of Schedule 1 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.^[100] Species presumed extinct in New South Wales, but not listed under the EPBC Act include:

Rhaphidospora bonneyana, Glinus orygioides, Ptilotus extenuatus, Acanthocladium dockeri (listed by EPBC as extinct in SA, but not NSW), Blumea lacera, Senecio behrianus, Stemmacantha australis, Lepidium foliosum, Stenopetalum velutinum, Atriplex acutiloba, Maireana lanosa, Osteocarpum pentapterum, Hypolepis elegans, Codonocarpus pyramidalis, Haloragis stricta, Myriophyllum implicatum, Caladenia rosella, Thelymitra epipactoides, Comesperma scoparium, Grevillea nematophylla, Persoonia laxa, Pomaderris oraria, Aphanes pentamera, Knoxia sumatrensis, Micromelum minutum, Philotheca angustifolia, Dodonaea stenophylla, Tetratheca pilosa subsp. pilosa.

Although listed as extinct under the EPBC Act, Diurus bracteata is listed as endangered in New South Wales.

Northern Territory

Threatened species is the Northern Territory are listed under IUCN criteria by the Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts.^[101] As of 2006 there are no recorded plant extinctions in the Northern Territory.^[102]

South Australia

Threatened species are listed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in South Australia. 26 plant taxa are presumed extinct in South Australia, 2 of these are listed under the EPBC Act^[103][104]

Queensland

Threatened species are listed under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 and the Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006 in Queensland, under this act some species are described as "presumed extinct". There are currently 27 species described as presumed extinct in Queensland,^[105] those not listed under the EPBC Act include:

Acianthus ledwardii, Amphineuron immersum, Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum, Corchorus thozetii, Dimocarpus leichhardtii, Lindsaea pulchella var. blanda, Oldenlandia tenelliflora var. papuana, Rhaphidospora cavernarum, Tapeinosperma flueckigeri, Teucrium ajugaceum, Trichomanes exiguum, Wendlandia psychotrioides, Zieria sp. (Russell River S.Johnson in 1892).

It was reported^[106] on 12 April 2008 that two of the plants, Rhaphidospora cavernarum and Teucrium ajugaceum have been rediscovered on Cape York between Cooktown and Lockhart River, and are now re-classified as "vulnerable".

Tasmania

There are 20 taxa classified as "presumed extinct" under schedule 3.2 of the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Only three of these species are listed as extinct under the EPBC Act.^[107] The additional species listed as extinct under Tasmanian legislation are:

Ballantinia antipoda, Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, Botrychium australe, Caladenia cardiochila, Chenopodium erosum, Coopernookia barbata, Hibbertia obtusifolia, Lepilaena australis, Levenhookia dubia, Myriophyllum glomeratum, Podotheca angustifolia, Prostanthera cuneata, Punctelia subflava, Senecio macrocarpus, Thesium australe, Thynninorchis huntiana and Veronica notabilis.

Victoria

Threatened species in Victoria are identified under the auspices of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988); the act does not specify species presumed extinct. The Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment maintain a list of species presumed extinct in Victoria;^[108] they list 51 extinct taxa, those not listed under the EPBC Act include:

Acacia argyrophylla, Acacia havilandiorum, Acrotriche depressa, Actinotus bellidioides, Asplenium polyodon, Atriplex billardierei, Austrostipa tuckeri, Caladenia carnea var. subulata, Caladenia magnifica, Caladenia thysanochila, Calotis pubescens, Cardamine gunnii s.s., Centipeda pleiocephala, Cheiranthera alternifolia, Chionogentias gunniana, Convolvulus microsepalus, Cuscuta victoriana, Cyperus vaginatus, Digitaria diffusa, Dodonaea heteromorpha, Epilobium willisii, Euphrasia collina subsp. speciosa, Hibbertia incana s.s., Hypolepis elegans subsp. elegans, Leiocarpa tomentosa, Leionema microphyllum, Lemooria burkittii, Leptorhynchos scaber s.s., Phyllangium sulcatum, Picris barbarorum, Podolepis arachnoidea, Pomaderris obcordata, Prasophyllum colemaniae, Prasophyllum morganii, Prasophyllum sp. aff. odoratum, Prasophyllum suttonii s.s., Pterostylis sp. aff. biseta (Lara), Rutidosis helichrysoides, Senecio murrayanus, Senna form taxon 'artemisioides', Stemmacantha australis, Stenanthemum notiale subsp. notiale, Trema tomentosa var. viridis, Braithwaitea sulcata.

Western Australia

There are 14 taxa classified as "X: Declared Rare Flora - Presumed Extinct Taxa" under the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List, all of which have been gazetted as presumed extinct flora in Western Australia under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.^[109][110] This list coincides with the federal EPBC Act list, except that it includes Leptomeria dielsiana, Ptilotus caespitulosus and Taraxacum cygnorum; and excludes Frankenia conferta (Silky Frankenia) and Calothamnus accedens.^[94]