List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees

List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees

List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees

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The Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, which began in 1969, is a set of award based on Alfred Nobel's will given to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind."[1] Since 1901, the prestigious Swedish Prize have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 27 organizations.

Up to date, there has only been one Brazilian citizen[lower-alpha 1] awarded a Nobel Prize – the biologist Peter Medawar who won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet.[2][3] – despite numerous notable Brazilians have been nominated.[4][5] There are noted Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations who are members of laureate organizations such as the Brazilian Red Cross being part of the League of Red Cross Societies when it won the 1963 Nobel Peace Prize and the Brazilian scientists, Sérgio Trindade and Carlos Nobre, who were members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) when it was awarded in 2007.[6]

Laureates

Despite only having one Brazilian Nobel laureate, a number of Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations were affiliated with laureate organizations at the time they were awarded:

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Nominations

Nominees

Since 1909, Brazilians have started to receive nominations for the prestigious Swedish prize in different categories. The following list are the nominees with verified nominations from the Nobel Committee and recognized international organizations. There are also other purported nominees whose nominations are yet to be verified since the archives are revealed 50 years after,[14] among them:

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Nominators

The following list of Brazilian-based organizations and individuals became nominators of various candidates, local and international, for the Nobel Prize.[101]

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Notes

  1. Medawar acquired a Brazilian citizenship by birth as dictated by the Brazilian nationality law (jus soli). He left the country, together with his parents, at the age of 14 to finish high school in the United Kingdom. At age 18, he renounced his Brazilian citizenship when he refused to be drafted in the military and after his appeal for exemption was denied. When the Nobel Committee awarded him the Prize, he was acknowledged as a British citizen. It was only after his death when he was recognized also as being a Brazilian Nobel laureate.[12][13]
  2. Since 1919, the Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (founded on 5 December 1908 in Brasília, Brazil) has been a members of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies which won the 1963 Nobel Peace Prize.[7]
  3. UNICEF Brazil was founded in 1950 in Brasília, Brazil.
  4. Carlos Nobre (born on 27 March 1951 in São Paulo, Brazil) was one of the 127 lead authors in the fourth assessment report that created a global action framework upon which countries agreed to adopt measures to address climate change. This report led to the awarding of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.[8][9]
  5. Sérgio Trindade (born: 14 December 1940 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; died: 18 March 2020 in New York City, United States) was the coordinating lead author for a chapter of an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report when it won the 2007 Peace Prize.[6]
  6. Cristian Wittmann has been working with ICAN since 2004 and is the only Brazilian to participate in ICAN's Management Committee.[10][11]
  7. David Bohm applied for and received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had to give up his US citizenship; he was able to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.[35]
  8. The French biophysicist R. Wurmser was nominated while working temporarily as professor at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  9. J. B. Perrin nominated R. Wurmser as his first choice and G. Bertrand as his second choice.
  10. F. Fiegl immigrated to Brazil in 1940 and obtained a citizenship in 1944.
  11. A. C. Fontes was nominated together with the French biologist Gaston Ramon (1886–1963).
  12. The name of the nominator(s) of this nomination was not present in the list of nominations for 1968.
  13. The conflict between Colombia and Peru erupted in 1932 when 300 Peruvians occupied the Leticia harbour. The jurisdiction over Leticia had been handed over from Peru to Colombia in 1922.
  14. A. de Melo Franco alone received 43 nominations in 1935. His nomination was endorsed by Charles Hardinge (1858–1944), Hugh Lowther (1857–1944), Jan Kosters (1874–1951), George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (1888–1963), members of the Chilean Parliament, members of the Peruvian Congress, Bernard Loder (1849–1935), members of the Peruvian Congress, 3 Venezuelan members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, members of the Portuguese Government, members of the Brazilian Parliament, members of the Mexican Parliament, members of the Uruguayan Senate, members of the Ecuadorian Senate and Government, Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez (1890–1972), members of the Cuban Government, Rufus Isaacs (1860–1935), Thomas Coats (1894–1974), Charles de Visscher (1884–1973), Cecil Hurst (1870–1963), Georges Dumas (1866–1946), Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza (1872–1956), Miguel Cruchaga Tocornal (1869–1949), Juan José de Arteaga (?), Carel Daniël Asser (1866–1939), Thomas Barclay (1853–1941), Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada (1871–1939), Robert Horne (1871–1940), Bufete Dolz (?), Paul Latham (1905–1955), Pablo Desvernine (?), Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven (1865–1951), Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940), A. Anema (?), Sun Fo (1891–1973), Nicolae Titulescu (1882–1941), José Caeiro da Mata (1883–1963) and Damião Peres (1889–1976).
  15. The nomination was also signed by two persons whose right to nominate was uncertain. The Brazilian ambassador to Oslo submitted the nomination.
  16. M. Faria's nomination of Candido Mariano de Silva Rondon was joined by other professors of law at the University of Santos.
  17. Claudio and Orlando Villas-Bôas was also nominated by 2 professors from the University of Paris for the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize.
  18. The nomination was lead its director, Humberto Adami (b. 1958).
  19. Brigagão's nomination of A. do Nascimento was endorsed by over 130 people and institutions, Brazilian and foreign. In addition to the 132 letters of endorsement from academics, politicians, university presidents, civil society organizations and dignitaries in Brazil and abroad, a petition in support of the nomination received more than 660 adhesions in less than two months.
  20. The 52 Brazilian women who formed part in the 1000 PeaceWomen were Albertina Duarte Takiuti (b. 1946), Alzira Rufino (b. 1949), Ana Maria Machado (b. 1941), Ana Montenegro (1915–2006), Benedita da Silva (b. 1942), Concita Maia (b. 1951), Creuza Maria Oliveira (b. 1957), Eliane Potiguara (b. 1950), Elizabeth Teixeira (b. 1925), Elza Berquó (?), Elzita Santos de Santa Cruz Oliveira (1914–?), Eva Alterman Blay (b. 1937), Fátima Oliveira (b. 1953), Givânia Maria da Silva (?), Heleieth Saffioti (1934–2010), Helena Greco (1916–2011), Heloneida Studart (1932–2007), Mãe Hilda Jitolu (1923–2009), Jacqueline Pitanguy (b. 1946), Joênia Wapixana (b. 1974), Jurema Batista (b. 1957), Lair Guerra de Macedo (b. 1943), Leila Linhares Barsted (b. 1945), Lenira Maria de Carvalho (?), Luci Teresinha Choinacki (b. 1954), Luiza Erundina (b. 1934), Maninha Xukuru (b. 1966), Mara Régia di Perna (b. 1952), Margarida Genevois (b. 1923), Maria Amélia de Almeida Teles (b. 1944), Maria Berenice Dias (b. 1948), Maria José de Oliveira Araújo (b. 1949), Maria José Mota (b. 1944), Maria José Rosado Nunes (b. 1945), Mãe Stella de Oxóssi (1925–2018), Marina Silva (b. 1958), Mayana Zatz (b. 1947), Moema Libera Viezzer (b. 1939), Niède Guidon (b. 1933), Nilza Iraci (b. 1950), Procópia dos Santos Rosa (b. 1933), Raimunda Gomes da Silva (b. 1940), Rose Marie Muraro (1930–2014), Ruth de Souza (1921–2019), Maria Aparecida Schumaher (b. 1952), Silvia Pimentel (b. 1940), Sueli Pereira Pini (b. 1960), Therezinha Zerbini (1928–2015), Vanete Almeida (b. 1943), Zenilda Maria de Araújo (b. 1950), Zilda Arns Neumann (1934–2010) and Zuleika Alambert (1922–2012).[81]
  21. Gaetano Brancati Luigi was born in Italy, but has lived in Brazil since 1949, when he was 12 years old. His family migrated from Europe to South America in search of better living conditions, because of the results of World War II.
  22. F. de Figueiredo's nomination was made while he was residing in Brazil and worked as professor of Portuguese literature at the University of São Paulo.
  23. The nomination letter for Baron José Paranhos was signed by Carlos Peixoto de Mello and J. de Medeinos, both members of the Brazilian parliament. The Nobel nomination archives only enlisted Peixoto's name as the nominator.
  24. Guanabara's nomination of É. da Gama Coelho was written in telegram.
  25. A. de Melo Franco's nomination was signed by E. da Luz Pinto and P. Azevedo whose right to nominate was uncertain. It was Brazilian ambassador to Oslo who submitted the nomination.
  26. E. L. Viana and V. Leal nominated together Josué de Castro but E. L. Viana was the only one cited as nominator by the Nobel nomination archives.

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