List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts

List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

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A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic). The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Leningrad Codex).[1]

Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3

The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple) and other intentional destructions.[2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.

The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent.[3] Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts.[4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts.[5][6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.[7]

The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg.[4]

Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.

The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.[8]

Masorah manuscripts

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)

  • Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem, to the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century)

  • Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature[9]
  • Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.

Masoretic (7th–10th century)

Later (11th–17th century)

  • Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
  • Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
  • Bologna Torah Scroll/Scroll 2, dated CE 1155–1255, University of Bologna Library
  • Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century[20]
  • Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11th–12th centuries [21]
  • Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)[22]
  • Damascus Crown, written in Spain in 1260.
  • Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300–1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.[23]
  • Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.[24] Purchased by David Solomon Sassoon in 1913 in Aleppo, Syria.[25]
  • Rashba Bible, completed in 1383[26]
  • Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
  • Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
  • Al-Ousta Codex, 14th century. Now at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
  • Merwas Bible (14th century)[27]
  • Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
  • Kennicott Bible, completed by Moses ibn Zabarah in A Coruña, Spain in 1476 and now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford[28]
  • Lisbon Bible, created in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal, the most accomplished codex of the Portuguese school of medieval Hebrew illumination and now in the British Library.[29]
  • Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
  • MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
  • Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
  • Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)

Modern discoveries

  • Ketef Hinnom scrolls, late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period. Found containing material from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, including the Priestly Blessing, alongside other otherwise unknown material on small rolled silver scrolls
  • Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE. A liturgy, potentially a Mezuzah, found with the 10 Commandments followed by the Shema; it is most similar to the LXX
  • A wine-jar seal held in the Chicago University’s collection quotes Jeremiah 48:11 as a reference to the quality of the wine contained therein. It likely dates to between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the major Masoretic texts[30]
  • En-Gedi Scroll, fragment of Hebrew parchment dated to 2nd century CE, discovered in 1970 containing portions of the first 2 chapters of Leviticus[31]
  • Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE on

Dead Sea Scrolls

Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.[32]

Qumran Cave 1

More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...

Qumran Cave 2

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Qumran Cave 3

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Qumran Cave 4

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Qumran Cave 5

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Qumran Cave 6

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Qumran Cave 7

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Qumran Cave 8

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Qumran Cave 11

More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...

See also

Notes

    1. In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.

    References

    1. H. Kelley, Daniel Stephen Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998, p. 18
    2. Randall Price, Searching for the Original Bible, Harvest House Publishers, 2007, p. 45-50
    3. Thomas Hartwell Horne, An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1836), vol. 2, p. 7. Page 6 states: "To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. De Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784–1787), in four volumes..."
    4. David Sinclair, An Overview of the Bible Archived 2013-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (2006)
    5. Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, pp. 38–39; translated into English and published in 1995 as Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (2nd rev. ed, 1995, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm.B. Eerdmans Publg. Co.)(this is the source for most of the dates of the mss listed).
    6. Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5.
    7. Engel, Edna; Mishor, Mordechay (2015). "An Ancient Scroll of the Book of Exodus: The Reunion of Two Separate Fragments" (PDF). Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology. 7: 24–61.
    8. Manuscript written by two different scribes, the older square script believed to be from the 10th century, whereas the newer Yemenite square script was written in the 16th century. See the British Library, Or. 4445 Archived 2022-12-08 at the Wayback Machine.
    9. "Digitised Manuscripts". Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
    10. Khomami, Nadia (February 15, 2023). "Oldest complete Hebrew Bible expected to break auction records". The Bible | The Guardian. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
    11. Eleazar Birnbaum, The Michigan Codex: An important Hebrew Bible manuscript, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 17 pages 373-415 (Oct. 1967).
    12. British Library
    13. "Hebrew Bible". www.metmuseum.org. MET. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    14. Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 141. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
    15. Rashba Bible, Info from Sotheby
    16. Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 143–144. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
    17. González López, Emilio (1967). "Un tesouro de arte galego: A Biblia en hebreo da Universidade de Oxford" (PDF). Grial (in Galician) (16): 198.
    18. Irwin, W. A. (1932). "An Ancient Biblical Text". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 48 (3): 184–193. ISSN 1062-0516.
    19. Lazaro, Enrico de (2016-09-23). "En-Gedi Scroll Finally Deciphered | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
    20. Timothy Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005, Dating the Scrolls,
    21. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14–15.
    22. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15–16.
    23. Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
    24. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16–18.
    25. Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
    26. OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
    27. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21.
    28. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21–22.
    29. "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
    30. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27.
    31. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28–29.
    32. Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
    33. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
    34. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
    35. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
    36. Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
    37. Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
    38. Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
    39. Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
    40. Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
    41. Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
    42. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
    43. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
    44. Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
    45. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
    46. Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
    47. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
    48. Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
    49. Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
    50. Collins, J. J., 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 684
    51. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104–105.
    52. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 106.
    53. 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.

    Bibliography

    Further reading


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