List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.
Quick Facts Language Endangerment Status by UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category, Extinct (EX) ...
| Language Endangerment Status | |
|---|---|
| Extinct (EX) | |
| |
| Endangered | |
| Safe | |
| |
Other categories | |
Related topics | |
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories | |
Close
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]
- Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)"
- Definitely endangered - "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
- Severely endangered - "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
- Critically endangered - "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
- Extinct - "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"
The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of that publication, both published by UNESCO.[2]
Albania • Armenia • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Kazakhstan • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Moldova • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine • United Kingdom
More information Language, Status ...
| Language | Status | Speakers | Notes | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania
Main article: Languages of Albania | ||||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | 210,000[3] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo | rup |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | 1,500,000[6] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | hbs |
| Armenia
Main article: Languages of Armenia | ||||
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | 778,000[7] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Suret | Definitely endangered[1] | 650,000–1,000,000[8] | Also spoken in: Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey | aii, cld |
| Austria
Main article: Languages of Austria | ||||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[9] | 7,162,000[10] | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | 14,089,000[11] | Also spoken in: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | 50,000–60,000[12] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Slovakia | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Czech Republic, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Azerbaijan
Main article: Languages of Azerbaijan | ||||
| Budukh | Severely endangered[1] | 200[14] | bdk | |
| Juhuri | Definitely endangered[1] | 101,000[15] | Caucasus. Also spoken in: Russia | jdt |
| Khinalug | Severely endangered[1] | 3,000[16] | kjj | |
| Kryz | Severely endangered[1] | 5,000[17] | kry | |
| Lezgian | Vulnerable[1] | 800,000[18] | Also spoken in: Russia | lez |
| Rutul | Definitely endangered[1] | 36,400[19] | Also spoken in: Russia | rut |
| Talysh | Vulnerable[1] | 912,000[20] | Also spoken in: Iran | tly |
| Tat | Severely endangered[1] | 28,000[21] | ttt | |
| Tsakhur | Definitely endangered[1] | 22,300[22] | Also spoken in: Russia | tkr |
| Udi | Severely endangered[1] | 6,160[23] | (Azerbaijan) | udi |
| Belarus
Main article: Languages of Belarus | ||||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | 5,058,400[24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Poland, Ukraine | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Belgium
Main article: Languages of Belgium | ||||
| Champenois | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Limburgian-Ripuarian | Vulnerable[1] | 1,300,000[25] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands | ksh, lim |
| Lorrain | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
| Picard | Severely endangered[1] | 700,000[26] | Also spoken in: France | pcd |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | 600,000[27] | Also spoken in: France, Luxembourg | wln |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | 1,400,000[28] | Also spoken in: France, Netherlands | vls, zea |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina
Main article: Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||||
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Bulgaria
Main article: Languages of Bulgaria | ||||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | 210,000[3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | 580,000[29] | (Dobruja). Also spoken in: Romania, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
| Deli Orman Gagauz | Critically endangered[1] | 148,720[30] | (Deli Orman) | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Maritime Gagauz | Severely endangered[1] | 148,720[30] | (Maritime). Also spoken in: Romania | bgx, gag |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | 1,500,000[6] | Also spoken in: Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | hbs |
| Croatia
Main article: Languages of Croatia | ||||
| Arbanasi | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | ||
| Istriot | Severely endangered[1] | 1,300[31] | ist | |
| Istro-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | 1,400[32] | ruo | |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | 3,900,000[33] | Also spoken in: Italy, Slovenia | vec |
| Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Serbia | |
| Cyprus
Main article: Languages of Cyprus | ||||
| Cypriot Arabic | Severely endangered[1] | 9,800[34] | acy | |
| Czech Republic
Main article: Languages of Czech Republic | ||||
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | 14,089,000[11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| East Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | 4,900,000[35] | Also spoken in: Germany | vmf |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Denmark
Main articles: Languages of Denmark and Languages of the Faroe Islands | ||||
| Faroese | Vulnerable[1] | 72,000[36] | fao | |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | 2,200,000[37] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Scanian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Sweden | swe |
| South Jutlandic | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Germany | jut |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Estonia
Main article: Languages of Estonia | ||||
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Võro-Seto | Definitely endangered[1] | 159,900[38] | Also spoken in: Russia | est |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Finland
Main article: Languages of Finland | ||||
| Inari Sámi | Severely endangered[1] | 400[39] | smn | |
| Karelian | Definitely endangered[1] | 19,753[40][41] | Also spoken in: Russia | krl |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | 25,000[42] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia, Sweden | sme |
| Olonetsian | Definitely endangered[1] | 14,100–25,000[43] | Also spoken in: Russia | olo |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Skolt Saami | Severely endangered[1] | 350[44] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia | sms |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| France
Main article: Languages of France | ||||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[9] | 7,162,000[10] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Italy | oci |
| Auvergnat | Severely endangered[1] | 80,000[45] | oci | |
| Basque | Vulnerable[1] | 751,000[46] | Also spoken in: Spain | eus |
| Breton | Severely endangered[1] | 207,000[47] | bre | |
| Burgundian | Severely endangered[1] | 50,000[48] | fra | |
| Champenois | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
| Corsican | Definitely endangered[1] | 150,000[49] | Also spoken in: Italy | cos |
| Frainc-Comtou | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Switzerland | fra |
| Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | 157,000[50] | Also spoken in: Italy, Switzerland | frp |
| Gallo | Severely endangered[1] | 191,000[51] | fra | |
| Gascon | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Spain | oci |
| Languedocien | Severely endangered[1] | 5,000[45] | oci | |
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | 600,000[52] | Also spoken in: Italy, Monaco | lij |
| Limousin | Severely endangered[1] | 10,000[45] | oci | |
| Lorrain | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
| Norman | Severely endangered[1] | 20,000[53] | nrn | |
| Picard | Severely endangered[1] | 700,000[26] | Also spoken in: Belgium | pcd |
| Poitevin-Saintongeais | Severely endangered[1] | 200,000–300,000[54] | fra | |
| Provençal | Severely endangered[1] | 350,000[45] | oci | |
| Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Germany | pfl |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | 600,000[27] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Luxembourg | wln |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | 1,400,000[28] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | vls, zea |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Georgia
Main article: Languages of Georgia | ||||
| Abkhaz | Vulnerable[1] | 190,000[55] | Also spoken in: Russia, Turkey | abk |
| Bats | Severely endangered[1] | 500[56] | bbl | |
| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | Severely endangered[1] | <500[57] | Also spoken in: Russia | bhn |
| Homshetsma | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | (Caucasus). Also spoken in: Russia | hye |
| Laz | Definitely endangered[1] | 22,000[58] | Also spoken in: Turkey | lzz |
| Mingrelian | Definitely endangered[1] | 344,000[59] | xmf | |
| Ossete | Vulnerable[1] | 597,450[60] | Also spoken in: Russia | oss |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | 778,000[7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Svan | Definitely endangered[1] | 14,000[61] | sva | |
| Udi | Severely endangered[1] | 6,160[23] | (Georgia) . | udi |
| Urum | Definitely endangered[1] | 190,000[62] | Also spoken in: Russia, Ukraine | uum |
| Germany
Main article: Languages of Germany | ||||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[9] | 7,162,000[10] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | 14,089,000[11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| East Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | 4,900,000[35] | Also spoken in: Czech Republic | vmf |
| Ripuarian | Vulnerable[1] | 250,000[63] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | ksh |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | 2,200,000[37] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Netherlands, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Luxembourg | ltz |
| North Frisian | Severely endangered[1] | 10,000[64] | frr | |
| Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | pfl |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Saterland Frisian | Severely endangered[1] | 2,000[65] | stq | |
| Sorbian | Definitely endangered[1] | 19,900[66] | dsb, hsb | |
| South Jutlandic | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Denmark | jut |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Greece
Main article: Languages of Greece | ||||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | 210,000[3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
| Arvanitika | Severely endangered[1] | 50,000[67] | aat | |
| Cappadocian Greek | Critically endangered[1] | 2,800[68] | cpg | |
| Corfiot Italkian | Critically endangered[1] | 250 | ||
| Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered[1] | 148,720[30] | (South Balkans) . Also spoken in: North Macedonia, Turkey | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | 5,000[69] | Also spoken in: North Macedonia | ruq |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | 778,000[7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Tsakonian | Critically endangered[1] | 2,000–4,000[70] | tsd | |
| Hungary
Main article: Languages of Hungary | ||||
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | 14,089,000[11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | 50,000–60,000[12] | Also spoken in: Austria, Slovakia | hbs |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | 70,000[71] | Also spoken in: Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Ireland
Main article: Languages of Ireland | ||||
| Irish | Definitely endangered[1] | 170,000-1,760,000[72][73] | Also spoken in: United Kingdom | gle |
| Shelta | Critically endangered[74] | 50,000[75] | sth | |
| Italy
Main article: Languages of Italy | ||||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[9] | 7,162,000[10] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Algherese (Catalan) | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | cat | |
| Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | oci |
| Arbëresh | Definitely endangered[1] | 100,000[76] | aae | |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | 14,089,000[11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland | bar |
| Cimbrian | Definitely endangered[1] | 400[77] | cim | |
| Corsican | Definitely endangered[1] | 150,000[49] | Also spoken in: France | cos |
| Emilian | Definitely endangered[1] | c. 1,300,000[78] | egl | |
| Faetar | Definitely endangered[1] | <1,000[79] | An outlying dialect of Francoprovençal | frp |
| Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | 157,000[50] | Also spoken in: France, Switzerland | frp |
| Friulian | Definitely endangered[1] | 600,000[80] | fur | |
| Gallo-Italic of Sicily | Definitely endangered[1] | 60,000[81] | lmo | |
| Gallurese | Definitely endangered[1] | 100,000[82] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdn |
| Gardiol | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | An outlying dialect of Alpine Provençal | |
| Griko | Severely endangered[1] | 20,000[83] | An outlying dialect of Greek spoken in Calabria and Salento | ell |
| Ladin | Definitely endangered[1] | 41,100[84][85][86] | lld | |
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | 600,000[52] | Also spoken in: France, Monaco | lij |
| Lombard | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,800,000[87] | Also spoken in: Switzerland | lmo |
| Mòcheno | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,900[88] | An outlying dialect of Bavarian | mhn |
| Molise Croatian | Severely endangered[1] | <1,000[89] | svm | |
| Piedmontese | Definitely endangered[1] | 2,000,000[90] | pms | |
| Resian | Definitely endangered[1] | 929[91] | An outlying dialect of Slovene | slv |
| Romagnol | Definitely endangered[1] | 430,000[92] | Also spoken in: San Marino | rgn |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Sardinian | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,000,000[93][94] | src, sro | |
| Sassarese | Definitely endangered[1] | 100,000[95] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdc |
| Sicilian | Vulnerable[1] | 4,700,000[96] | scn | |
| Neapolitan | Vulnerable[1] | 5,700,000[97] | nap | |
| Swabian German | Severely endangered[1] | 820,000[98] | swg | |
| Swiss German | Severely endangered[1] | 4,930,000[99] | gsw | |
| Töitschu | Severely endangered[1] | 22,780[100] | An outlying dialect of Alemannic | gsw, swg, wae |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | 3,900,000[33] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Slovenia | vec |
| Walser | Severely endangered[1] | 22,780[101] | wae | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Kazakhstan
Main article: Languages of Kazakhstan | ||||
| Dungan | Definitely endangered[1] | 110,000[102] | Also spoken in: Kyrgyzstan | dng |
| Latvia
Main article: Languages of Latvia | ||||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | 5,058,400[24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Latgalian | Vulnerable[1] | 200,000[103] | Also spoken in: Russia | lav |
| Livonian | Critically endangered[1] | 250[104] | liv | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Liechtenstein
Main article: Languages of Liechtenstein | ||||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[9] | 7,162,000[10] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Lithuania
Main article: Languages of Lithuania | ||||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | 5,058,400[24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Karaim | Severely endangered[1] | 80[105] | (Lithuania). | kdr |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Luxembourg
Main article: Languages of Luxembourg | ||||
| Luxembourgish | Vulnerable[1] | 430,000[106] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Germany | ltz |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | 600,000[27] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | wln |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Moldova
Main article: Languages of Moldova | ||||
| Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Critically endangered[1] | 148,720[30] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
| Monaco
Main article: Languages of Monaco | ||||
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | 600,000[52] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | lij |
| Montenegro
Main article: Languages of Montenegro | ||||
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Netherlands
Main article: Languages of the Netherlands | ||||
| Limburgish | Vulnerable[1] | 1,300,000[25] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany | lim |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | 2,200,000[37] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | 1,400,000[28] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | vls, zea |
| West Frisian | Vulnerable[1] | 470,000[107] | fry | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| North Macedonia
Main article: Languages of North Macedonia | ||||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | 210,000[3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia | rup |
| Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | 5,000[69] | Also spoken in: Greece | ruq |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Norway
Main article: Languages of Norway | ||||
| Lule Sámi | Severely endangered[1] | 650[108] | Also spoken in: Sweden | smj |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | 25,000[42] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia, Sweden | sme |
| Pite Sámi | Critically endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Sweden | sje |
| Skolt Saami | Severely endangered[1] | 350[44] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia | sms |
| Southern Sámi | Severely endangered[1] | 600[109] | Also spoken in: Sweden | sma |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Poland
Main article: Languages of Poland | ||||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | 5,058,400[24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Kashubian | Severely endangered[1] | 108,000[110] | Also spoken in: Canada | csb |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belarus, Ukraine | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | 70,000[71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Wymysorys | Severely endangered[1] | 20[111] | wym | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Portugal
Main article: Languages of Portugal | ||||
| Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Spain | ast, ext, mwl |
| Romania
Main article: Languages of Romania | ||||
| Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Serbia | bul |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | 580,000[29] | (Dobruja) . Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
| Csángó | Severely endangered.[1] | Unknown | hun | |
| Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Severely endangered[1] | 148,720[30] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Turkey, Serbia | lad |
| Nogai | Severely endangered[1] | 87,000[112] | (Dobruja) . | nog |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | 70,000[71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | 1,500,000[6] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia | hbs |
| Transylvanian Saxon | Severely endangered[1] | 200,000[113] | ||
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Russia
Main articles: Languages of Russia and List of endangered languages in Russia | ||||
| San Marino
Main article: Languages of San Marino | ||||
| Romagnol | Definitely endangered[1] | 430,000[92] | Also spoken in: Italy | rgn |
| Serbia
Main article: Languages of Serbia | ||||
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | 210,000[3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia | rup |
| Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Romania | bul |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | 1,500,000[6] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania | hbs |
| Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Croatia | |
| Slovakia
Main article: Languages of Slovakia | ||||
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | 50,000–60,000[12] | Also spoken in: Austria, Hungary | hbs |
| Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Ukraine | slk |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | 70,000[71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine | rue |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Slovenia
Main article: Languages of Slovenia | ||||
| Gottscheerish | Critically endangered[1] | Unknown | ||
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | 3,900,000[33] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Italy | vec |
| Spain
Main article: Languages of Spain | ||||
| Aragonese | Definitely endangered[1] | 30,000–50,000[114] | arg | |
| Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Portugal | ast, ext, mwl |
| Basque | Vulnerable[1] | 751,000[46] | Also spoken in: France | eus |
| Gascon | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | oci |
| Sweden
Main article: Languages of Sweden | ||||
| Dalecarlian | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | swe | |
| Modern Gutnish | Definitely endangered[1] | 2,000–5,000[115][116] | swe | |
| Lule Sámi | Severely endangered[1] | 650[108] | Also spoken in: Norway | smj |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | 25,000[42] | Also spoken in: Finland, Norway, Russia | sme |
| Pite Sámi | Critically endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Norway | sje |
| Scanian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | swe | |
| Southern Sámi | Severely endangered[1] | 600[109] | Also spoken in: Norway | sma |
| Ume Sámi | Critically endangered[1] | 100[117] | sju | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Switzerland
Main article: Languages of Switzerland | ||||
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[9] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein | gsw, swg, wae | |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | 14,089,000[11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy | bar |
| Frainc-Comtou | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | 157,000[50] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | frp |
| Lombard | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,800,000[87] | Also spoken in: Italy | lmo |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Romansh | Definitely endangered[1] | 60,000[118] | roh | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Turkey
Main articles: Languages of Turkey and List of endangered languages in Asia § Turkey | ||||
| Abaza | Definitely endangered[1] | 49,800[119] | Also spoken in: Russia | abq |
| Abkhaz | Vulnerable[1] | 190,000[55] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | abk |
| Adyghe | Definitely endangered[1] | 610,000[120] | Also spoken in: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, North Macedonia, Russia, Syria | ady |
| Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered[1] | 460,000[121] | (South Balkans) Also spoken in: Greece, North Macedonia | bgx |
| Homshetsma | Definitely endangered[1] | Unknown | hye | |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | 60,000[4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia | lad |
| Kabard-Cherkes | Vulnerable[1] | 590,000[122] | Also spoken in: Russia | kbd |
| Laz | Definitely endangered[1] | 22,000[58] | Also spoken in: Georgia | lzz |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | 778,000[7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Ukraine | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Suret | Definitely endangered[1] | 650,000–1,000,000[8] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria | aii, cld |
| Western Armenian | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,600,000[123] | hye | |
| Zazaki | Vulnerable[1] | 3,000,000–4,000,000[124] | zza | |
| Ukraine
Main article: Languages of Ukraine | ||||
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | 5,058,400[24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia | bel |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | 580,000[29] | (Crimea). Also spoken in Bulgaria, Romania, Russia | crh, jct |
| Crimean Turkish | Severely endangered[1] | 580,000[29] | ||
| Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Slovakia | slk |
| Gagauz | Definitely endangered[1] | 148,720[30] | (Bessarabia). Also spoken in: Moldova | bgx, gag |
| Karaim | Critically endangered[1] | 80[105] | (Western Ukraine) | kdr |
| Mariupolitan Greek | Severely endangered[1] | Unknown | ell | |
| Nogai | Severely endangered[1] | 87,000[112] | (Crimea) | nog |
| Plautdietsch | Definitely endangered[1] | 447,360[125] | pdt | |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belarus, Poland | |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | 778,000[7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | 70,000[71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia | rue |
| Urum | Definitely endangered[1] | 190,000[62] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | uum |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom | ydd |
| United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Main articles: Languages of the United Kingdom and Languages of Ireland | ||||
| Cornish | Critically endangered[1] | 557[126] | cor | |
| Guernésiais | Severely endangered[1] | 200[127] | (Guernsey) | nrn |
| Irish | Definitely endangered[1] | 170,000-1,760,000[72][73] | Also spoken in: Ireland | gle |
| Jèrriais | Severely endangered[1] | 4,700[127] | (Jersey) | nrn |
| Manx | Critically endangered[1] | 1,853[128] | (Isle of Man) | glv |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | 3,500,000[5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Scots | Vulnerable[1] | 99,200[129] | sco | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Definitely endangered[1] | 57,375[130] | Also spoken in: Canada | gla |
| Welsh | Vulnerable[1] | 892,200[131] | Also spoken in: Patagonia | cym |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | 1,510,000[13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine | ydd |
Close
Wikiversity has learning resources about Endangered languages of Europe
- Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- "Aromanian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- Peim, Benjamin. "Ladino Lingers on in Brooklyn – Barely". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- "Torlak" at "UNESCO's list of endangered languages". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
- "Pontic". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
- "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger - Interactive Map." (Alemannic was added to the list as "Vulnerable" in July, 2017)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required); List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required); List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required); List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Geschichte der kroatischen Volksgruppe in Österreich" [History of the Croatian ethnic group in Austria]. hrvatskicentar.at (in German). Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- "Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City". Belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Auger, Julie (14–17 February 2003). "Issues of authenticity, purity, and autonomy in minority languages: What is "real" Picard, and who is an "authentic" speaker?". Congress Minority and Diasporic Languages of Europe. Berkeley, US: Indiana University. in Nowak, Pawel; Yoquelet, Corey (eds.). Berkeley Linguistics Society (BLS 29).
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required); List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022); List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ; List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ; List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ; List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ; List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ; List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ; List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ; List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- "Rahva ja eluruumide loendus 2021 – eesti keelt kõnelev rahvastik murdekeele oskuse, vanuserühma, soo ja elukoha (haldusüksus) järgi, 31. detsember 2021" [Population and housing census 2021 - Estonian-speaking population by dialect proficiency, age group, gender and place of residence (administrative unit), December 31, 2021] (in Estonian).
- "Anaras: The Inari Sámis". Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- "Rosstat — Vserossiyskaya perepis' naseleniya 2020" Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 [Rosstat — All-Russian Population Census 2020]. rosstat.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-01-03.
- "Karel'skiy yazyk" Карельский язык [Karelian] (in Russian).
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)
- (in French) VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) Archived 21 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine (2016).)
- "ENQUÊTE SOCIO-LINGUISTIQUE : QUI PARLE LES LANGUES DE BRETAGNE AUJOURD'HUI ?". Région Bretagne. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Enquête socio-linguistique: qui parle les langues de Bretagne aujourd'hui?" [Socio-linguistic survey: who speaks the languages of Brittany today?]. Région Bretagne (in French). 8 October 2018.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- Delavaud, Jean (4 March 2017). "Langues régionales. Une journée pour parler le poitevin-saintongeais" [Regional languages. A day to speak Poitevin-Saintongeais]. Ouest-France (in French). Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- Fox, S. (2009). The Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan. New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required); List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Campbell, Lyle; Bellew, Anna (2018). Cataloguing the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. pp. 204–205. ISBN 9781317413899 – via Google Books.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
- "7. Irish". Report of the 2016 Census of Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Central Statistics Office. 2017. pp. 66, 69.
Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090
- "Three Unique Languages of Ireland". 24 November 2015.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
- "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
- Istituto nazionale di statistica (2007-04-20). "La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere, Anno 2006" [The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages, Year 2006] (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 2012-12-17 – via portal-lem.com.
- Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Nagy, N. Lexical change and language contact: Francoprovençal in Italy and Canada. in M. Meyerhoff, C. Adachi, A. Daleszynska & A. Strycharz (eds.) The Proceedings of Summer School of Sociolinguistics 2010, Edinburgh.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- Toso, Fiorenzo (2006). Lingue d'Europa: la pluralità linguistica dei paesi europei fra passato e presente [Languages of Europe: the linguistic plurality of European countries between past and present] (in Italian). Milano: Baldini Castoldi Dalai. p. 158.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- Vincent, N. (1981). "Italian". In Comrie, B. (ed.). The world's major languages. London: Croom Helm. pp. 279–302.
- Dell'Aquila, Vittorio; Iannàccaro, Gabriele (2006), Survey Ladins: Usi linguistici nelle valli ladine [Survey Ladins: Linguistic uses in the Ladin valleys] (in Italian), Regione autonoma Trentino-Alto Adige, p. 196, ISBN 88-86053-69-X
- "South Tyrol in Figures" (PDF). Declaration of language group affiliation – Population Census 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
- "15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori)" [15th Population and Housing Census. Survey on the consistency and territorial dislocation of the members of the Ladin, Mòchena and Cimbrian speaking populations (provisional data)] (PDF) (in Italian). Autonomous Province of Trento. 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- Breu, Walter (2012-03-06). "Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). ISO 639-3 Registration Authority. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ""Siamo resiani e non sloveni" Mille firme per un referendum" ["We are Resians and not Slovenians" One thousand signatures for a referendum]. Il Messaggero. February 5, 2004.
- "La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere Anno 2006" [The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages Year 2006] (PDF) (in Italian). 2006.
- Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010). Romance languages: a Historical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
- Lubello, Sergio (2016). Manuale Di Linguistica Italiana, Manuals of Romance linguistics. De Gruyter. p. 499.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Sprachen, Religionen – Daten, Indikatoren: Sprachen – Üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochene Sprachen" [Languages, Religions - Data, Indicators: Languages - Languages commonly spoken at home] (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Zu Hause oder mit den Angehörigen sprechen 60,1% der betrachteten Bevölkerung hauptsächlich Schweizerdeutsch
[At home or with relatives, 60.1% of the population considered mainly speak Swiss German] - List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- "LĪBIEŠU VALODAS SITUĀCIJA". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Fant hemmelighetene i lulesamenes språk" [Found the secrets in the language of the Lule Sami]. Forskning (in Norwegian).
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011. Raport z wyników" [National Population and Housing Census 2011. Report on the results] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical Office of Poland.
- Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz; Król, Tymoteusz; Olko, Justyna [in Polish] (10 November 2017). "Awakening the Language and Speakers' Community of Wymysiöeryś". European Review. 26 (1): 179–191. doi:10.1017/s1062798717000424. ISSN 1062-7987.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Transylvanian Saxon (Siweberjesch Såksesch)". Omniglot. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- Perez, R. (2017-02-21). "El aragonés: la lengua romance que ya solo hablan el 1% de los aragoneses" [Aragonese: the Romance language that already only 1% of Aragonese speak]. ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- "Vanliga frågor (faq)". 28 August 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Furer, Jean-Jacques (2005), Eidgenössische Volkszählung 2000 – Die aktuelle Lage des Romanischen [Federal Census 2000 - The current situation of Romansh] (PDF) (in German), Neuchâtel: Bundesamt für Statistik, ISBN 978-3-303-01202-4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-15
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- "Number of Welsh, Gaelic, Irish and Cornish speakers from the 2011 Census". Office for National Statistics. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Sarah Whitehead. "How the Manx language came back from the dead | Education". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
- "2011 Census of Scotland". Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014., Table QS211SC
- "Annual Population Survey – Ability to speak Welsh by local authority and year". gov.wales. 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
