List_of_fake_news_websites

List of fake news websites

List of fake news websites

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Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.[1][2][3]

For satirical news, see List of satirical news websites.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Definition

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media.[4][5][6] These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility.[5] While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC.[7] The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait.[8] PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.[9]

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election.[8] Except for the 2016 Philippine elections,[10] prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.[8] Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views.[8] Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.[8]

Lists

Campaigns by individuals

American News LLC

More information Name, Domain ...

Jestin Coler

More information Name, Domain ...

Paul Horner

More information Name, Domain ...

WTOE 5 News

More information Name, Domain ...

Your News Wire

More information Name, Domain ...

Others

More information Name, Domain ...

Climate change denial

Main article: Climate change denial
More information Name, Domain ...

Disinformation campaigns

Corporate disinformation campaigns

Main article: List of corporate disinformation campaigns

Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a reputation management firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients,[62][63] and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie A Cure for Wellness.[64][65]

Political disinformation campaigns

Main article: List of political disinformation website campaigns

Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil,[66] India,[67] Iran,[3] Italy,[68] the People's Republic of China,[69] the Philippines,[70] Russia,[71] Ukraine (Luhansk),[72] and the United States.[73]

Fraudulent fact-checking websites

Main article: List of fact-checking websites § Fraudulent fact-checking websites

According to the Poynter Institute, there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

  1. Sites that are satirical in nature
  2. Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
  3. Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
  4. Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial.[74]
More information Name, Domain ...

Generative AI

Main article: Generative artificial intelligence

As of April 2024, NewsGuard has tracked at least 790 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 16 languages.[86]

More information Name, Domain ...

Hate groups

Main article: List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups

The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.

More information Name, Domain ...

Satire

Main article: List of satirical fake news websites

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

Troll farms

Main article: List of fake news troll farms
See also: Troll farm

Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia,[141] Ghana,[142] North Macedonia,[143] the Republic of Georgia,[144] and Russia.[145]

User-generated fake news

The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment.[146]

More information Name, Domain ...

Other networks

Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

Action News 3

More information Name, Domain ...

Batty Post

More information Name, Domain ...

Celebtricity

More information Name, Domain ...

PoliticsFocus

Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media.[194][195]

More information Name, Domain ...

Miscellaneous

The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

Main article: List of miscellaneous fake news websites

See also

References

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