Lowers rate of gastric emptying

Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine.^[3]

Enhances effects of cholecystokinin, stops production of gastric juice

Release of bile from gallbladder, hunger suppressant

regulate cell growth and development

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.

Intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes. Other anabolic effects

Increases blood glucose level.

Inhibit release of glucagon^[7] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

• Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells)
• Dilate the pupils
• Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g., digestion)

• Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells)
• Increase skeletal muscle readiness.

Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.

• Convert endometrium to secretory stage
• Make cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperm.
• Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo
• Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility^[9]
• Inhibit lactation
• Inhibit onset of labor.

Other:

• Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels
• Increase core temperature during ovulation^[10]
• Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus)

Anti-inflammatory

• Reduce gall-bladder activity^[11]
• Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy
• Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts
• Increase resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament, and skin
• Promote healing by regulating collagen
• Provide nerve function and healing by regulating myelin
• Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen

• Promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics
• Accelerate height growth
• Accelerate metabolism (burn fat)
• Reduce muscle mass
• Stimulate endometrial growth
• Increase uterine growth
• Maintain blood vessels and skin
• Reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation

Protein synthesis:

• Increase hepatic production of binding proteins

Coagulation:

• Increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III, plasminogen
• Increase platelet adhesiveness
• Increase HDL, triglyceride, height growth
• Decrease LDL, fat deposition

Fluid balance:

• Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention
• Increase growth hormone
• Increase cortisol, SHBG

Gastrointestinal tract:

• Reduce bowel motility
• Increase cholesterol in bile

Melanin:

• Increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin

Cancer:

• Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers^[12] (Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.)

Lung function:

• Promote lung function by supporting alveoli.^[13]

• Inhibit immune response, towards the fetus.
• Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility^[9]
• Inhibit lactation
• Inhibit onset of labor.
• Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids.

Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-progesterone

Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.

Increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance

• Stimulates Ca²⁺ release from bone, thereby increasing blood Ca²⁺
• Stimulates osteoclasts, thus breaking down bone
• Stimulates Ca²⁺ reabsorption in kidney
• Stimulates activated vitamin D production in kidney

Phosphate:

• Stimulates PO³⁻₄ release from bones, thereby increasing blood PO³⁻₄.
• Inhibits PO³⁻₄ reabsorption in kidney, so more PO³⁻₄ is excreted
• Overall, small net drop in serum PO³⁻₄.

Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver first to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol) then to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol), which is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases the level of calcium (Ca²⁺
) in the blood by increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, increasing reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and possibly increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone.