List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities

List of people who have been considered deities

List of people who have been considered deities

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This is a list of notable people who were considered deities by themselves or others.

Imperial cults and cults of personality

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Posthumous deification

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Involuntary deification

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Self-deification

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See also


References

  1. "The rulers of Egypt, first the kings and later the pharaohs, were gods as well as men who ruled by divine right. Each king was 'the son of god', who at the point of death became one with his father, a god in a cosmic Heaven." Christopher Knight, Robert Lomas (2001). The Hiram Key: Pharaohs, Freemasons and the Discovery of the Secret Scrolls of Jesus, 100. ISBN 978-1931412759. Fair Winds publish.
  2. "The king had a superhuman role, being a manifestation of a god or of various deities on earth. The king's principle original title, the Horus name, proclaimed that he was an aspect of one of the chief gods, Horus, a sky god who was depicted as a falcon. Other identifications were added to this one, notably, "Son of Re [the sun god]" and "Perfect God," both introduced during the 4th dynasty (c.2575–2465 BCE), when the great pyramids were constructed. The epithet "Son of Re" placed the king in a close but dependent relation with the leading figure of the pantheon."Merriam-Webster (1999). Encyclopedia of World Religions). Merriam Webster, Inc. ISBN 978-0877790440.
  3. Hirohito's 1945 Declaration in Japanese and English: "The ties between Us and Our people have always stood upon mutual trust and affection. They do not depend upon mere legends and myths. They are not predicated on the false conception that the Emperor is divine, and that the Japanese people are superior to other races and fated to rule the world."
  4. Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674012127.
  5. The community leader would be called the Great Sun. Natchez social organization was based on the relationship of community members to the Great Sun. In the 17th century, French explorers and colonists met this leader, who lived in a large house on the top of a platform mound at the site that is now preserved by the State of Mississippi as the Grand Village of the Natchez. The Great Sun enjoyed the status of a living god
  6. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824803681.
  7. "Patrons of Buddhism, the Sailendras during the height of their power in central Java constructed impressive monuments and temple complexes, the best known of which is the Borobudur on the Kedu Plain" (quoted from Hall 1985: 109).
  8. Stein 1972, p. 84
  9. Das, Sarat Chandra. Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet (1970), p. 82. Manjushri Publishing House, New Delhi. First published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LI (1882).
  10. Charles Haviland (9 May 2005). "Nepal and the divine monarchy". BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  11. Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, pp. 89–71, ISBN 0714117056
  12. Brandon, S. G. F. (Samuel George Frederick) (2014). Beliefs, rituals, and symbols of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Fertile Crescent. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1627125697. OCLC 862222059.
  13. Virgil, Aeneid 1.446f, Silius Italicus, Punica 1.81f
  14. Livy i.4.2. From the Founding of the City.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. Bk XIV: 805-828 The deification of Romulus. "Metamorphoses (Kline) 14, the Ovid Collection, Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center". ovid.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. Carandini. La nascita di Roma. Dèi, lari, eroi e uomini all'alba di una civiltà (Torino: Einaudi, 1997) and Carandini. Remo e Romolo. Dai rioni dei Quiriti alla città dei Romani (775/750 – 700/675 a. C. circa) (Torino: Einaudi, 2006)
  17. Zhmud, Leonid (2012). Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Translated by Windle, Kevin; Ireland, Rosh. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0199289318.
  18. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0801474521.
  19. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 20; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 31, 140; Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36.
  20. "Not the least of the many extraordinary facts about Alexander is that both in his lifetime and after his death he was worshipped as a god, by Greeks and Ancient Macedonians as well as, for example, Egyptians (to whom he was Pharaoh). The episode that led to Callisthenes' death in 327 was connected to this fact. Greeks and Ancient Macedonians believed that formal obeisance should be paid only to gods. So the refusal of his Greek and Macedonian courtiers to pay it to Alexander implied that they, at any rate, did not believe he genuinely was a living god, at least not in the same sense as Zeus or Dionysus were. Alexander, regardless, did nothing to discourage the view that he really was divine. His claim to divine birth, not merely divine descent, was part of a total self-promotional package, which included the striking of silver medallions in India depicting him with the attributes of Zeus. Through sheer force of personality and magnitude of achievement he won over large numbers of ordinary Greeks and Macedonians to share this view of himself, and to act on it by devoting shrines to his cult."Cartledge, Paul (2004). "Alexander the Great". History Today. 54: 1.
  21. Murray, Sheanna (2022-09-13). "Becoming a God: The Deification of Julius Caesar". Walks Inside Rome. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  22. "People worship Emperor Guan not merely as a law-protecting heavenly deity, but also as god of war, god of wealth and god of righteousness. They pray to Emperor Guan for many reasons…"Emperor Guan
  23. L. Esposito, John; Moosa, Matti (1995). "Alawiyyah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World vol. 1. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-19-509612-6.
  24. "Po Chiak Keng: Only Tans could pray here before 1982". straitstimes.com. 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  25. Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Tenth Century CE. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 470.
  26. Frischauer, Willi (1970). The Aga Khans. Bodley Head.
  27. Ismail K. Poonawala (1999). "Review – The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 542. doi:10.2307/605981. JSTOR 605981.
  28. Gamal Nkrumah (10 December 2009). "The crazed caliph". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  29. Szonyi, Michael (1998). "The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality". Late Imperial China. 19: 1–25. doi:10.1353/late.1998.0004. S2CID 144047410.
  30. "When I sat cross-legged by myself just like the great statue of the Buddha in Nara, I felt that the earth, about the size of a watermelon, was underneath me and I could see the other me walking about on it. I experience the real "me" looking down at the other "me" on this small planet. I was and understood everything on this earth (Shinreikyo History: 5). Religious movements home page on the website of the University of Virginia. This entry was written by Jeffrey Hadden.
  31. "Comments". varpho.livejournal.com. August 24, 2007. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  32. "Kultong Rizalismo (Sanaysay ni Jon e. Royeca) | FilipinoWriter.com". www.filipinowriter.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  33. "Rizalist cult (Filipino religion)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  34. "The Honorable Elijah Muhammad identified the Master as being the answer to the one that the world had been expecting for the past 2,000 years under the names Messiah, the second coming of Jesus, the Christ, Jehovah, God, and the Son of Man."NOI.org quoting Elijah Muhammad Archived 2010-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
  35. "Savitri Devi: The mystical fascist being resurrected by the alt-right". www.bbc.com. 29 October 2017. It isn't hard these days to find discussions of Savitri Devi's books on neo-Nazi web forums, especially The Lightning and the Sun, which expounds the theory that Hitler was an avatar – an incarnation – of the Hindu god Vishnu
  36. Freedman, Samuel G. (December 1, 2007). "Sunday religion, inspired by Saturday nights". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  37. Polatnick, Gordon. "The Jazz Church". Elvispelvis.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2006.
  38. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 6, Encyclopedia Judaica Jerusalem, p. 1108
  39. Brueggemann 2002, pp. 75, 144.
  40. The New Encyclopedia of Judaism, Ezra
  41. Harper’s Bible Dictionary, San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1985
  42. Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Academic. p. 400. ISBN 978-0805443653.
  43. Barclay, William (2003). The Acts of the Apostles. The New Daily Study Bible. Louisville, Kentucky and London: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 126–128. ISBN 978-0664226756.
  44. "Chin Swee Caves Temple – The Founder". chinswee.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  45. "郑和研究专题". Jllib.cn. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  46. Rastafarians regard Haile Selassie I as God, in part because Marcus Garvey's prophecy – "Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be the Redeemer" – was swiftly followed by the ascension of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia. BBC
  47. "Is Prince Philip an island god?". BBC News. June 10, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  48. "The Lubavitcher Rebbe as a God". Haaretz. 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  49. Scott James (4 February 2010). "In Internet Era, an Unwilling Lord for New Age Followers". New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  50. Kleiner, Fred (2005). Gardner's Art Through The Ages. Thomson-Wadsworth. p. 41. ISBN 0534640958.
  51. Frayne, Douglas R. A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam. Penn State University Press, 2021.[ISBN missing][page needed]
  52. Gregory, Andrew (2013). The Presocratics and the Supernatural: Magic, Philosophy and Science in Early Greece. New York and London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 178. ISBN 978-1472504166.
  53. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 69
  54. International Nemrud Foundation (2015). "The Nomos: The Holy Law of King Antiochos". Retrieved 2015-11-27.
  55. Irenaeus, Against Heresies Book I Chapter XXIII. Justin Martyr states: "There was a Samaritan, Simon, a native of the village called Gitto, who in the reign of Claudius Caesar, and in your royal city of Rome, did mighty acts of magic, by virtue of the art of the devils operating in him. He was considered a god, ..." Justin Martyr, First Apology Chapter XXVI.
  56. His teaching of Twelve Commitments stated, "I am God predicted by the prophets; I descended on the earth to save the human souls; there is no God but me. There is no other teaching. Do not seek for it."St. Petersburg State University article Archived 2012-07-09 at archive.today(A bit of dispute here as there are sites that indicate he taught any and all Khlysts could mystically become God incarnate through him)
  57. The Milli Gazette. "Bohra: an Islamic sect reduced to a cult". Milligazette.com. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  58. "Bohra dissenters challenge oppressive priesthood". Rediff.com India News. 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  59. De God die Lou heette (Dutch language) "The God that was called Lou" VPRO TV programme.
  60. International Cultic Studies Association (2001). "Kenya – "God" and 400 Followers Living in Kenya". Cultic Studies Journal. 18 (4).
  61. BBC News (November 12, 2001). "Kenyan 'God' sent Aids as 'punishment'". Retrieved December 29, 2004.
  62. "He identified himself as the 'grand master of the celestial lodge, the architect of the universe'."Crimelibrary Archived 2008-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
  63. Miami Herald(October 15, 2001). "The old message of self-esteem has been crowded out by one that elevates their leader to Grand Master of All, the God of the Universe, the Grand Potentate, the Everlasting Father and the persecuted Messiah."
  64. "After the Upper House Election, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi should hand the seat of the Prime Minister to Jesus Matayoshi, the one true God." : cgunson.com : Matayoshi Archived 2005-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
  65. Awakener Magazine, Volume 9, Number 4, 1964, p. 15
  66. Awakener Magazine, Volume 4, Number 2, 1956, p. 27
  67. Kalchuri (1986) p. 2324
  68. Baba (1987) p. 269
  69. Awakener Magazine, Volume 11, Number 1, 1966, p. 9
  70. Essay in Latin American Issues Volume 13 states she taught that, "when a shooting star moving in the distance suddenly approached her and landed on her forehead, filling the room with light (Cruz). She had become the living incarnation of the Holy Spirit, who at that moment revealed to her the name of God in this new era: 'MITA'" or "Spirit of Life."
  71. Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple Archived 2009-03-14 at the Wayback Machine. American Experience, PBS.org.
  72. Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  73. Wright, Giles. "François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier". TheDictatorship.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  74. Nicholls, David (1996) [1st pub. 1979]. From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour, and National Independence in Haiti (Revised ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 978-0813522401. LCCN 95-8893. OCLC 32396546. OL 8025482M. Thousands of posters appeared as the Péligre dam was about to be opened proclaiming that 'Duvalier alone is able to harness the energy of Péligre and give it to his people'. Others had Jesus with his hand on Duvalier proclaiming 'I have chosen him'.
  75. Kofele-Kale, Ndiva (2006). "The Cult of State Sovereignty". The International Law of Responsibility for Economic Crimes (2nd ed.). Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 261. ISBN 978-1409496090. LCCN 2006006433. OCLC 64289359. OL 7991049M. Not satisfied with being the Haitian flag, . . . Duvalier also declared himself 'an immaterial being' shortly after he became 'President-for-Life', and issued a Catechisme de la Révolution to the faithful containing the following version of the Lord's Prayer: 'Our Doc, who art in the National Palace for Life, hallowed be Thy name by present and future generations. Thy will be done in Port-au-Prince as it is in the provinces. Give us this day our new Haiti and forgive not the trespasses of those antipatriots who daily spit on our country; lead them into temptation, and, poisoned by their own venom, deliver them from no evil . . .'
  76. Fourcand, Jean M. (1964). Catechisme de la révolution [Catechism of the Revolution] (PDF) (in French). Port‑au‑Prince: Edition imprimerie de l'état. p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2015. Notre Doc qui êtes au Palais National pour la Vie, que Votre nom soit béni par les générations présentes et futures, que Votre Volonté soit faite à Port‑au‑Prince et en Province. Donnez‑nous aujourd'hui notre nouvelle Haïti, ne pardonnez jamais les offenses des apatrides qui bavent chaque jour sur notre Patrie, laissez‑les succomber à la tentation et sous le poids de leurs baves malfaisantes: ne les délivrez d'aucun mal. Amen.
  77. Judith Coney, Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement (1999) p. 27 "She began her mission of salvation in earnest, establishing a reputation as a faith healer ... Then, on December 2nd 1979, in London, she unequivocally declared her divinity to her followers: '[Today] is the day I declare that I am the One who has to save the humanity. I declare, I am the one who is Adi Shakti, who is the Mother of all the mothers, who is the Primordial Mother, the Shakti, the purest desire of God, who has incarnated on this Earth to give meaning to itself...' Since then, she is most often understood by her followers to be the Devi, the Goddess of Indian mythology, returned to save the world."
  78. "::Sahaja Yoga-Tamil : Adi Sakthi By Thirumoolar". March 6, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06.
  79. Sundiata, Ibrahim K. (1988). "The Roots of African Despotism: The Question of Political Culture". African Studies Review. 31 (1): 9–31. doi:10.2307/524581. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 524581. S2CID 154948219.
  80. Bayart, Jean-François (2005). The Illusion of Cultural Identity. C. Hurst. ISBN 978-1850656609.
  81. "Macias Nguema: Ruthless and bloody dictator". Afroarticles.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  82. "Evangelist Quiboloy backs Duterte". The Philippine Star. February 8, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  83. Kestenbaum, Sam (16 April 2020). "Inside the Fringe Japanese Religion That Claims It Can Cure Covid-19". The New York Times.

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