List_of_proposed_etymologies_of_OK
Several etymologies have been proposed for the word OK or okay. The majority can be easily classified as false etymologies, or possibly folk etymologies. H. L. Mencken, in The American Language, lists serious candidates and "a few of the more picturesque or preposterous".[1] Allen Walker Read surveyed a variety of explanations in a 1964 article titled "The Folklore of 'O. K.'"[2] Eric Partridge described O.K. as "an evergreen of the correspondence column."[3]
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| Source language | Source | Context | Date first used | Proposer | Date proposed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Initials of "oll korrect", a misspelling of "all correct" | Coined during a fad for comical misspellings and abbreviations | by 1839 | by 1839 | Documented by Allen Walker Read in 1964,[4] and subsequently widely accepted by dictionaries[5] and etymologists. | |
| English | Initials of "Old Kinderhook" | Nickname for Martin Van Buren, from his birthplace in Kinderhook, New York; used as a slogan in the 1840 presidential election | by 1840 | editor of the New York New Era | 27 May 1840 | Reinterpreted by supporters of rival William Henry Harrison as "Out of Kash", "Orful Kalamity", etc. Allen Walker Read suggests this exploited and reinforced the pre-existing "oll korrect" sense.[6] |
| Choctaw | oke, okeh ("it is") | Frontiersman trading with Choctaws borrowed the word directly or via Mobilian Jargon | by 1812 | William S. Wyman | August 1885 | The form is a verbal suffix "indeed, contrary to your supposition" with modern spelling -okii.[5] Wyman suggested Andrew Jackson had learnt "O.K." from Choctaw and introduced it in the East; others suggest an 18th-century origin.[7] |
| Choctaw | si Hoka ('meaning "that's me" or "that's what I said"') | Learned by Andrew Jackson from Pushmataha | by 1812 | William H. Murray | 1931 | Pushmataha was a Choctaw chief who fought under Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.[8] |
| Wolof | waw-kay (waw "yes" + emphatic -kay) | Introduced by West African slaves | by 1815 | David Dalby | 1969 | First proposed in the Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture.[9] Dalby did not specify Wolof, suggesting also Mandinka o ke ("that's it", "certainly"; also "do it").[9] Liberian Charles Blooah had noted the similarity of Djabo affirmative O'-ke in 1937 without asserting any causality.[10] |
| English | Initials of "oll korrect" | Coined by humorist Josh Billings | 1860s or 1870s | "Callisthenes" | 1935 | Proposed in an advertisement in The Times for Selfridges; "Mr. Selfridge" purportedly remembered having read Billings as a boy.[11] |
| English | Initials of "oll korrect" | Misspelling by Andrew Jackson | c.1830 | James Gordon Bennett, Sr. | 30 March 1840[citation needed] | Bennett's story, a fabricated anecdote, is the first attribution of "O.K." to Jackson,[12] although the quality of Jackson's spelling had already been debated during the 1828 presidential election.[13] Charles Godfrey Leland claimed in 1889 to have heard the Jackson-misspelling story in 1835.[14] |
| English | Initials of "oll korrect" | Misspelling by Thomas Daniels | 15 September 1840 | Daniels painted a banner reading "The people is Oll Korrect" displayed at a rally for William Henry Harrison in Urbana, Illinois. H. L. Mencken described this as "the story generally credited" as the origin until earlier uses were discovered in the 1930s.[15] Daniel Leffel, owner of the Sugar Grove tavern on the National Road outside Springfield, Ohio, erected a prominent "O.K." sign after reading about Daniels' banner.[16] | ||
| English | Initials of "oll korrect" | Misspelling by John Jacob Astor | c.1800 | Eliezer Edward | 1881 | [12] |
| English | Initials of "oll korrect" | Popularized by James Pyle based on Andrew Jackson usage | 1862 | New York Times obituary | 1900 | James Pyle, inventor of "Pyle's Pearline" purchased by Procter & Gamble in 1914 and renamed "Ivory Snow," placed an ad in the New York Times, October 23, 1862 which refers to James Pyle's O.K. Soap. The New York Times obituary of James Pyle dated January 21, 1900 says "Brought O.K. Into Popularity." The obituary states "He was the first to utilize in advertisements the letters OK in their business significance of all correct. He had the original use of these letters by Stonewall Jackson as an endorsement and was struck by their catchiness. By his extensive employment of them he probably did more than any other person to raise them to the dignity of a popular term and an established business institution." |
| English | Misspelling of "O.R." for "Order Received" | A common mistake in the Western U.S. owing to the similar shapes of the letters R and K. | by 1790 | Albigence Waldo Putnam | 1859 | The 1790 bill of sale "Andrew Jackson, Esq., proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker for a negro man, which was O.K." is cited in Putnam's History of Middle Tennessee; the assertion that the misspelling is common is added in James Parton's 1860 Life of Andrew Jackson. Woodford Heflin in 1941 established that the 1790 bill did in fact read "O.R." rather than "O.K."[17] |
| German | Initials of "Ohne Korrectur" [sic] (German for "No changes") | The term OK was used by typesetters and people working in the publishing business. A manuscript that didn't need any changes or corrections would be marked "O.K." for Ohne Korrectur [sic] (German for "No changes"). | c. 1900 | Guido Carreras | June 30, 1941 | In Newsweek.[18] |
| English | Initials of "O'Kelly" or "Obediah Kelly" | An early railroad agent or engineer certifying bills or deliveries. | by 1933 | [19] | ||
| German | Initials of Otto Kaiser | An industrialist certifying his factory's produce for shipping | by 1953 | Reported in 1953 to be widely believed in Germany.[18] | ||
| Greek | Initials of Ὅλα Καλά (Ola Kala, "everything is fine") | Used by Greek teachers marking students' work. Prominence of Greek shipping would allow it to be spread by sailors | John Alfred Huybers | 1913 | In the editor's preface to When I was a boy in Greece, by George Demetrios.[20][21] Louise Pound supported the theory for a time.[22] | |
| Greek | Initials of Ὅλα Καλά (Ola Kala, "everything is well"). | An abbreviation used by Greek immigrants in United States in the late 1800s, when sending telegrams to their relatives in Greece to keep the cost low. | late 19th century | |||
| Byzantine Greek | och, och (ὤχ, ὤχ) | A magical incantation against fleas | c.920 | W. Snow | 26 October 1939 | ὤχ, ὤχ occurs in the Geoponica, 13.15.9. Suggested in a letter to The Times.[1][23] |
| French | au(x) quai(s) ("to the dock(s)") | Said of cotton bales accepted for export from New Orleans | by 1803 | by 1961 | Martin R. Wall wrote in 1963 that he had been told this in France "several years ago".[24] | |
| French | au(x) quai(s) ("on the quay(s)") | stencilled on Puerto Rican rum specially selected for export | before 1953 | A conflation of the au quai and Aux Cayes theories.[24] | ||
| French | au(x) quai(s) ("on the quay(s)") | In the American Revolutionary War, of French sailors making appointments with American girls | 1780s | "Beachcomber" | 28 June 1940 | In the Daily Express.[1] |
| French | Aux Cayes ("from Les Cayes, Haiti") | Les Cayes is a port from which high-quality rum was exported | by 1905 | [25] | ||
| German | Initials of Ober Kommando (High Command) | Used by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, inspector general of the Continental Army the American Revolutionary War endorsing letters and orders | 1780s | 23 January 1938 | German article reprinted in the Omaha Tribune.[1][26] Giving a similar story in a letter to The Times in 1939, Sir Anthony Palmer used the name "General Schliessen" and phrase Oberst Kommandant ("colonel in command").[1][27][28] | |
| English | Initials of "Open Key" | A global telegraph signal meaning "ready to transmit" | "1861 or 1862" | By 1882[29] | The telegraph was not invented until 1844. A contemporary news report of the 1866 transatlantic telegraph cable says "The following telegram has been received from Mr. R. A. Glass, Managing Director of the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Limited) :— 'O.K.,' (all correct)."[30] | |
| Finnish | oikea ("correct") | July 1940 | In Cleveland Public Library Main Library News Notes.[1] | |||
| English | Initials of Onslow and Kilbracken | On bills reviewed by the Lord Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords (Onslow) and his counsel (Kilbracken) | (after 1932) | John Godley | 1939 | A jocular proposal by Kilbracken's son, then a student, in a letter to The Times in response to Sir Anthony Palmer's earlier letter.[1][31] |
| Latin | Initials of Omnis Korrecta ("all correct") | Used by early schoolmasters marking examination papers | 1935 | In a letter in The Vancouver Sun.[32] | ||
| English | Initials of "outer keel" | Each timber in a wooden-hulled ship would be marked; "O.K. No 1" was the first timber to be laid | John D. Forbes | by 1936 | [15] | |
| English | hoacky or horkey | Name for the harvest festival in eastern England | Wilfred White | 7 March 1935 | Suggested in an article in the Daily Telegraph.[33] The phrase "hocky cry" is attested from 1555.[34] | |
| English | Initials of Orrin Kendall (The letters OK were stamped on each biscuit) | Suppliers of high-quality biscuits to the Union War Department during the American Civil War. | (after 1861) | 16 December 1910 | Article in the Chicago Record Herald.[35] | |
| Old English | hogfor ("seaworthy") | Shortened to HG, then pronounced by Norwegian and Danish sailors as hah gay. | Frank Colby | 21 March 1943 | Colby reported the theory in his syndicated column "Take My Word For It", but did not endorse it.[1] | |
| English | Initials of 0K "Zero Killed" | In military dispatches after a battle or combat mission in which no casualties had been suffered | Leon Godchaux | 2 March 1981 | In a letter to Time. | |
| English | Initials of King's Observatory, Kew | Stamped on timepieces and instruments certified by the Observatory | 1878 | Lorah Harris Graham[36] | 1950 | In fact, the stamp was "KO" rather than "OK",[37][38] although the actual symbol comprised an ornate "O" and "K" superimposed,[38] and it was described as "OK" in an 1884 almanac.[39] |
| Occitan | oc ("yes") | Introduced by colonists in French Louisiana | F. R. H. McLellan | 14 December 1953 | In The Daily Telegraph.[40] | |
| Scots | och aye ("ah, yes") | Scottish immigrants to North America | "Barbarian" | 15 October 1933 | In a letter in The Observer.[41] | |
| Ulster Scots | och aye ("ah, yes") | Brought by Scotch-Irish American immigrants | "18th [or] early 19th" century | Mary Degges | October 1975 | A variant of the och, aye theory Degges heard in Belfast; the Ulster pronunciation is purportedly closer to "OK" than the Scottish equivalent.[42] |
| French | O qu'oui ("ah, yes") | Emphatic form of "yes" | by 1768 | William McDevitt[1] | by 1945 | O qu'oui occurs in A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy by Laurence Sterne. |
| English | Initials of "Old Keokuk" | The Sac chief signed treaties with these initials | by 1830 | by 1890 | The theory was mentioned but not endorsed by the Century Dictionary in 1890.[43][44] | |
| French | Misspelled initials of au courant | In a poem by "Hans Breitmann", semi-educated German immigrant created by humorist Charles Godfrey Leland | by 1865 | 1868 | Breitmann's poems appeared during the U.S. Civil War; the glossary to the 1868 British edition equates "O.K." with au courant.[45] | |
| English | Opposite of KO "knockout" | by 1981 | Cited by Allan Pease.[46] |
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Sources
- Metcalf, Allan (November 9, 2010). "Chapter 6: False Origins". OK: The Improbable Story of America's Greatest Word. Oxford University Press. pp. 80–95. ISBN 9780199752522.
- Read, Allen Walker (February 1964). "The Folklore of 'O. K.'". American Speech. 39 (1): 5–25. doi:10.2307/453922. JSTOR 453922.
Citations
- Mencken, Henry Louis (1960) [1945]. "IV: The Period of Growth; 2. The expanding vocabulary". The American Language : Supplement I. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 269–279 : 275–276. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- Partridge, Eric (1984) [1937]. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (8th ed.). p. 1373. ISBN 978-0-7100-9820-7.
- Read, Allen Walker (February 1963). "The First Stage in the History of 'O. K.'". American Speech. 38 (1): 5–27. doi:10.2307/453580. JSTOR 453580.
- "OK, adj., int.1, n.2, and adv.". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd (draft) ed.). June 2008.
- Read, Allen Walker (May 1963). "The Second Stage in the History of 'O. K.'". American Speech. 38 (2): 83–102. doi:10.2307/453285. JSTOR 453285.
- Cassidy, Frederic G. (Winter 1981). "OK. Is It African?". American Speech. 56 (4 (W)): 269–273. doi:10.2307/455123. JSTOR 455123.
- Read, Allen Walker (October 1963). "Could Andrew Jackson Spell?". American Speech. 38 (3): 188–195. doi:10.2307/454098. JSTOR 454098.
- Leland, Charles G. (1889). "Breitmann in Politics". The Breitmann ballads. The Lotos Series (New ed.). London: Trübner. p. 137, fn†. OLID OL7148389M.
- Mencken, Henry Louis (1949) [1936]. "V: The Language Today; 4: Other parts of speech". The American Language (4th ed.). New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 205–207. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
- Weber, Robert (April 1942). "A Greek O. K.". American Speech. 17 (2, Part 1): 127–128. JSTOR 486460.
- "The Atlantic Cable. First Direct Message". Saunders's News Letter. Dublin: British Newspaper Archive. July 28, 1866. p. 3.; cited in Achende (August 18, 1866). "Queries with Answers; O. K." Notes & Queries. X (3rd series) (242): 128. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
- "hockey1, hawkey, horkey". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.).
- Graham, Lorah Harris (1950). Inspirations: Radio Talks and Travel Sketches. Ringgold Bible Club. p. 29.
The Observatory of Kew sets the time for the world. If one's watch is set by that it is marked "O.K." — has been passed by the Observatory Kew. Hence, anything that is correct is "O.K."
- Cloake, John. "6. The work of the Observatory for scientific purposes 1842–1980; [b] The Royal Society 1871–1899" (PDF). The King's Observatory: Historical Report. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
The standardisation and verification work increased considerably in the 1870s and in 1877 the famous 'KO' mark was agreed (to be introduced the following year) to brand instruments which had been tested and approved at the Kew Observatory.
- Walker, Malcolm (November 14, 2011). History of the Meteorological Office. Cambridge University Press. p. 172, esp. fig.7.5. ISBN 9781139504485. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
- The British Almanac (57th ed.). Stationers' Company. 1884. Companion, Part 1, p. 17.
All instruments so verified will leave Kew with a certificate, the Kew Observatory letters OK as a monogram, and a registered number.
- Greco, Frank A.; Degges, Mary (1975). "The etymology of OK again: 2". American Speech. 50 (3/4): 334–335. doi:10.2307/3088024. JSTOR 3088024.
- Whitney, William Dwight, ed. (1890). "O.K.". Century Dictionary. Vol. Part XIV. New York: Century. p. 4099.
- Leland, Charles Godfrey (1868). "Glossary". Hans Breitmann as a politician (English ed.). London: Trübner & co. p. 71. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- Pease, Allan (1988) [1981]. "A Framework for Understanding; The Ring or 'OK' Gesture". Body Language: How To Read Others Thoughts By Their Gestures. London: Sheldon Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-85969-406-3.
There' are many different views about what the initials 'OK' stand for, some believing it stood for 'all correct' which may have been misspelled as 'oll korrect', while others say that it means the opposite of 'knock-out' that is, K.O.