Medieval and early modern period

The history of tall structures in London began with the completion of the 27-metre (89 ft) White Tower, a part of the Tower of London, in 1098.^[2] The first structure to surpass a height of 100 metres (328 ft) was the Old St Paul's Cathedral. Completed in 1310, it stood at a height of 150 metres (492 ft).^[2] St Paul's was the world's tallest structure until 1311, when its height was surpassed by Lincoln Cathedral in Lincoln.^[3][4] It regained the title when the spire of Lincoln Cathedral fell in 1549.^[4][5][6]

Although the spire of the Old St Paul's was destroyed by lightning in 1561, it still stood as the tallest structure in London,^[6] while the world's tallest structure became Strasbourg Cathedral in Strasbourg, France.^{[7][8][self-published source?]} St Paul's was severely damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666.^[9] The title of the tallest structure in London passed to Southwark Cathedral, which stands at a height of 50 metres (164 ft) and no structure in London again rose above 100 metres until 1710, when the current St Paul's Cathedral was completed at 111 metres (364 ft), becoming London's tallest building.^[10][2]

19th century

Few skyscrapers were built in London before the late 20th century, owing to restrictions on building heights originally imposed by the London Building Act of 1894, which followed the construction of the 14-storey Queen Anne's Mansions.^[11] Though restrictions have long since been eased, strict regulations remain to preserve protected views, especially those of St Paul's, the Tower of London and Palace of Westminster, as well as to comply with the requirements of the Civil Aviation Authority.^[12][13]

1960s and 1970s

The lifting of height restrictions caused a boom in the construction of tall buildings during the 1960s.^[13][14] St Paul's Cathedral remained as London's tallest building until it was overtaken in 1963 by the Millbank Tower at 118 metres (387 ft),^[2][15][16] which in turn was overtaken by the BT Tower which topped out just one year later in 1964 at 177 metres (581 ft) and officially opened in 1965 (then known as the Post Office Tower).^{[2][17][18][19]} One of London's first notable tall buildings was the 117-metre (384 ft) Centre Point, completed in 1966.^[20]

Others completed in the 1960s include: the Empress State Building at 100 metres (328 ft) in 1961,^[15][21] the Shell Centre at 107 metres (351 ft) in 1961,^[22][23] the London Hilton at 101 metres (331 ft) in 1963,^[24][25] Portland House at 101 metres (331 ft) in 1963,^[22][26] and Euston Tower at 124 metres (407 ft) in 1970,^[15][27] all built on the west side of Central London. In 1969, St. Helen's at 118 metres (387 ft) was completed in the City of London,^[15][28] along with Britannic House in 1967 at 122 metres (400 ft),^[29][30] but the latter was refurbished in 2000, increased to 127m in height and renamed Citypoint.^[31] Cromwell Tower, completed in 1973, Lauderdale Tower, completed in 1974 and Shakespeare Tower, completed in 1976, all at 123 metres (404 ft), were built as part of the Barbican Estate in the northern part of the City of London.^[32][33][34]

1980s, 1990s and 2000s

The NatWest Tower, later renamed Tower 42, was completed in 1980, which at 183 metres (600 ft) and 42 storeys, was considered the first "skyscraper" in the City of London.^[35] Its height was controversial, being contrary to the previous height restrictions, it was the tallest building in the United Kingdom at the time and also the tallest cantilever building in the world.^[35] Following an over ten-year gap, One Canada Square was completed in 1991 at 235 metres (771 ft) and formed the centrepiece of the Canary Wharf development,^[35] which itself is part of the Isle of Dogs and can be considered the east-side of Central London. At 50 storeys, it became the tallest building in the United Kingdom.^[35]

With the encouragement of Ken Livingstone who was Mayor of London from 2000 to 2008, a renewed trend for building tall was established in the 2000s.^[36][37][38]

Following another over 10-year gap, 8 Canada Square and 25 Canada Square, both standing at 200 metres (660 ft), were completed at Canary Wharf in 2002.^[39][40] Several others of a smaller height followed at Canary Wharf including: Heron Quays,^[41] 40 Bank Street in 2003 at 153 metres (502 ft),^[41] 10 Upper Bank Street in 2003 at 151 metres (495 ft),^[41] and 25 Bank Street in 2004 at 153 metres (502 ft).^[41] In the City of London, The Gherkin was completed in 2003 at 180 metres (590 ft),^[42] Heron Tower in 2007 at 230 metres (750 ft),^[43] and the Broadgate Tower in 2008 at 165 metres (541 ft).^[44][41] Notably, some of the awards given to 30 St Mary Axe include the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2003^[45] and the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2004.^[46]

2010s to present

Boris Johnson, who was Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016, approved the construction of more skyscrapers in London.^[47][48][49]

At the time of its completion in 2010, Strata SE1 was the tallest residential building in London.^[50] The Shard topped out in 2012 at London Bridge and at 309.6 metres (1,016 ft) remains London's tallest building.^[51] In 2014, the 225 metres (738 ft) tall 122 Leadenhall Street, nicknamed "the Cheesegrater", was completed in the City of London.^[52] In September 2016, a refit was completed of the 111m King's Reach Tower, originally built in the 1970s, which included an 11-storey height increase to bring it up to 150 metres (490 ft) tall and it was renamed the South Bank Tower.^[53]

One Blackfriars, also located on the South Bank, topped out in 2017 at 163 metres (535 ft).^[54][55] The Scalpel, at 190 metres (620 ft) was completed in the City of London in 2018 and it was designed to protect views of St Paul's Cathedral.^[56] Newfoundland Quay, at 220 metres (720 ft) and Landmark Pinnacle at 233 metres (764 ft) topped out in Canary Wharf in 2018 and 2019 respectively.^[57][58] One Park Drive at 205 metres (673 ft) and South Quay Plaza at 215 metres (705 ft) both also topped out at Canary Wharf in 2019.^[59][60][61] 22 Bishopsgate, at 278 metres (912 ft) topped out in the City of London in 2019,^[62] after being approved by the current Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, in 2016.^[2]

1 Undershaft, at 290 metres (950 ft), also approved by Sadiq Khan in 2016,^[2] is planned to form the centrepiece of the City of London's skyscraper cluster. It is the tallest skyscraper currently proposed for London and will only be exceeded in height by The Shard.^[63] It will be built on the site of the aforementioned 1969 St Helen's building which will be demolished.^[64] 100 Leadenhall, at 249 metres (817 ft), and already nicknamed the "Cheesegrater 2", is also planned for the City of London.^[65] Spire London, at 235 metres (771 ft) is planned for Canary Wharf.^[66] However, construction was halted after concerns that the building only had one escape stairwell for residents on the upper floors.^[56] The tallest of the two Riverside South towers that have been planned for construction at Canary Wharf since 2008 would have exceeded that cluster's tallest building, One Canada Square, by 1 metre in height, but construction has been stalled since 2011.^[67][68] Construction has started on the 216 metres (709 ft) tall Consort Place (previously called Alpha Square) also at Canary Wharf.^[69]

There is another major skyscraper cluster emerging in the Vauxhall and Nine Elms districts of London.^[70][71] The first skyscraper to appear here was St George Wharf Tower at 181 metres (594 ft) and which was completed in 2014.^[72] The tallest tower planned for this cluster is the 200 metres (660 ft) One Nine Elms City Tower.^[73]

In 2019, Sadiq Khan blocked the construction of the 290 metre tall Tulip that would have been built in the City of London.^[74] After an appeal was launched by the developers against Khan's decision, UK housing secretary Michael Gove rejected the proposal in November 2021.^[75][76]

Under construction

This lists buildings that are under construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328 feet (100 m). Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are listed above.

Approved

This lists buildings that are approved for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328 feet (100 m).

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding a building's expected year of completion has not yet been released.

** Approximate figure.

Proposed

This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2019)

This lists buildings that are proposed for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328 feet (100 m). Once a planning application has been submitted, a decision by the relevant authority may take two or three years.

* Approximate figure.