Los_Angeles_County_Metro_Rail

Los Angeles Metro Rail

Los Angeles Metro Rail

Urban rail transit system serving Los Angeles County, California

The Los Angeles Metro Rail is an urban rail transit system serving Los Angeles County, California in the United States. It consists of six lines: four light rail lines (the A, C, E and K lines) and two rapid transit (known locally as a subway) lines (the B and D lines), serving a total of 101 stations. It connects with the Metro Busway bus rapid transit system (the G and J lines), the Metrolink commuter rail system, as well as several Amtrak lines. Metro Rail is owned and operated by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro).

Quick Facts Overview, Area served ...

It has been extended significantly since it started service in 1990, and several further extensions are either in the works or being considered. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 61,981,300, or about 184,400 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2023.

Los Angeles had two previous rail transit systems, the Pacific Electric Red Car and Los Angeles Railway Yellow Car lines, which operated between the late 19th century and the 1960s. The Metro Rail system uses many of their former rights-of-way, and thus can be considered their indirect successor.

Current system

Lines

In Los Angeles Metro terminology, common with most other metro systems, a line is a named service, defined by a route and set of stations served by trains on that route. (The word does not refer to a physical rail corridor, as it does in New York City Subway nomenclature.)

Metro also uses the same line letter naming system for its Metro Busway services (which are bus rapid transit routes operating in transitways).

Six Metro Rail lines operate in Los Angeles County:[3]

More information Line name, Termini ...

    The B and D lines follow a fully underground route, and the C Line follows a fully grade separated route. The A, E, and K lines run in a mix of environments, including at-grade in an exclusive corridor, street running, elevated, and underground.[3]

    The two rapid transit (subway) lines (B and D) share tracks between Union Station and Wilshire/Vermont, while two of the light rail lines (A and E) share tracks between Pico and Little Tokyo/Arts District.

    Stations

    Metro A Line train stationed at Downtown Long Beach (formerly Transit Mall) station
    Southbound Metro B Line train departing from Hollywood/Highland station
    Eastbound Metro C Line train to Norwalk Station departs from Redondo Beach station
    Westbound Metro E Line to Downtown Santa Monica Station stopped at Expo/Sepulveda Station
    Two Siemens P2000 trains at Memorial Park station
    Former Metro Gold Line (now part of the E Line) train at Atlantic station
    Main article: List of Los Angeles Metro Rail stations

    The large majority of light rail stations are either at ground level or elevated, with some trenched or fully underground. All heavy rail (i.e. rapid transit) stations are fully underground.

    Stations include at least two ticket vending machines, wayfinding maps, electronic message displays, and bench seating. Each station features unique artwork reflecting local culture and/or the function of transit in society.

    Stations are unstaffed during regular hours. Call boxes are available at stations to allow employees at the Metro Rail Operations Control Center to assist passengers with concerns.

    Metro Rail uses a proof-of-payment fare system, with Metro's fare inspectors randomly inspecting trains and stations to ensure passengers have a valid fare product on their Transit Access Pass (TAP) electronic fare card. When passengers enter a station, they encounter TAP card validators which collect fares when a customer places their card on top. Additionally, fare gates (turnstiles) connected to TAP card validators are at all underground stations, all elevated stations and some surface stations. Once passengers pass these validators or board a train, they have entered the "fare paid zone", where fare inspectors may check their TAP card to ensure they have a valid fare.

    Street-level stations are typically simpler with platforms designed with shade canopies, separated from nearby roads and sidewalks, where passengers can purchase fares and board a train.

    Underground stations are typically large in size with a mezzanine level for fare sales and collection above a platform level where passengers board trains. Underground stations and tunnels are designed to resist ground shaking that could occur at a specific location, but there is no general magnitude of earthquake that the entire system is expected to withstand.[4] The Metro Rail system has not suffered any damage due to earthquakes since its opening in 1993.

    Some suburban stations have free or paid park and ride lots available and most have bike storage available.

    Rolling stock

    Main article: Los Angeles Metro Rail rolling stock

    Metro Rail maintains two distinct systems of rail: a light rail system and a rapid transit (subway) system, which use incompatible technologies, even though they both use 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge and use 750 V power. Metro's rapid transit lines are powered by third rail, whereas its light rail lines are powered by overhead catenary. Also, the two separate systems have different loading gauge, and platforms are designed to match the separate car widths. There however are no connections between the two networks.

    Hours of operation

    Between the system's opening in 1990 and February 2020, Metro Rail lines ran regularly between 5:00 am and midnight, seven days a week. Limited service on particular segments was provided after midnight and before 5:00 am. On Friday and Saturday evenings, service operated until approximately 2:00 am. There was no rail service between 2:00 am and 3:30 am, except on special occasions such as New Year's Eve. Service operated every 5–10 minutes during the peak period, every 10–15 minutes during middays and during the day on weekends, and every 20 minutes during the evening until the close of service. Exact times varied from route to route.

    In March 2020, the system started to adjust train frequencies in order to accommodate for restrictions that were enacted in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Trains would continue to run between 5:00 am and midnight daily, with late night weekend service being removed in order to accommodate for train cleaning.

    Currently in 2024 light rail runs at 8 mins (peak) and 10 mins (off peak) with more service improvements in consideration. Heavy rail (subways) B & D lines are running at (peak) and (off-peak). The D line runs a shuttle service at late night hours. More information is available at Metro's website.

    Fares and fare collection

    The standard Metro base fare applies for all trips. Fare collection is based on a partial proof-of-payment system. At least two fare machines are at each station. Fare inspectors, local police and deputy sheriffs police the system and cite individuals without proof of payment. Passengers are required to purchase a TAP card to enter stations equipped with fare gates. Passengers using a TAP card can transfer between Metro routes for free within 2 hours from the first tap.

    In July 2023, Metro replaced their 1-Day, 7-Day, and 30-Day passes with fare capping.[5] With fare capping, passengers will never pay more than $5 (3 rides) in a day or $18 (11 rides) within seven days; rides are free once the cap is reached.[6]

    The following table shows Metro fares, effective July 1, 2023 (in US dollars):[7]

    More information Fare type, Regular ...

    Transit Access Pass (TAP) and fare gates

    Metro has implemented a system of electronic fare collection using a stored-value smartcard called the Transit Access Pass (TAP Card). This card was intended to simplify fare collection and reduce costs.[8] In 2012, paper monthly passes were phased out and replaced with the TAP Card. As of September 2013, first-time Metro riders must deposit an additional $2 (or $1 at TAP vending machines) on top of their first fare payment to obtain a reloadable TAP Card. In addition, in 2008 Metro began installing fare gates at all underground stations, all elevated stations and some surface stations. Implementation of both programs (the TAP Card and the fare gate program) has turned out to be expensive ($154 million in total, so far) and its initial rollout was problematic.[9]

    Ridership

    In 2023, the Metro Rail system had a ridership of 61,981,300.[2]

    As of the fourth quarter of 2023, the combined Metro B and D lines averaged a weekday ridership of 64,300, making it the ninth busiest rapid transit system in the United States.[1] Taking overall track length into consideration, Metro Rail's rapid transit lines transport 7,960 passengers per route mile, making this the fifth busiest U.S. rapid transit system on a per mile basis.

    Metro's light rail system is the second-busiest in the United States with 120,100 average weekday boardings as of the fourth quarter of 2023.[1] In terms of route length, Metro's light rail system is the largest in the United States.

    More information Year, Bus ...

    Security and safety

    Half of the Metro Rail's trains and stations are patrolled by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department under a law enforcement contract. The Los Angeles Police Department, and Long Beach Police Department also patrol stations within their respective cities, also under contract.[11] The system is also monitored by security personnel through closed-circuit television cameras.[12] Metro Ambassadors are in-house outreach team to provide a better user experience, help riders navigate and monitor the system. https://www.metro.net/riding/ambassadors/

    History

    Main article: History of Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway
    The first operating segment of Los Angeles Metro Rail opened on July 14, 1990, then-known as the Blue Line.

    In the early 20th century, Southern California had an extensive privately owned rail transit network with over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of track, operated by Pacific Electric (Red Cars) and Los Angeles Railway (Yellow Cars).[13] However, from 1927 revenue shortfall caused Pacific Electric to begin replacing lightly used rail lines with buses. In 1958 the remnants of the privately owned rail and bus systems were consolidated into a government agency known as the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority or MTA. By 1963 the remaining rail lines were completely removed and replaced with bus service.

    In the following decades, growing traffic congestion led to increased public support for rail transit's return. Beginning in the 1970s, a variety of factors, including environmental concerns, an increasing population and the price of gasoline led to calls for mass transit other than buses. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA, now branded as Metro) began construction of the initial lines throughout the 1980s using revenues from a voter-approved increase in sales tax. The Blue (A) Line finally opened on July 14, 1990, some 27 years after the final streetcar line closed. Since that date, the system has been developed to its current size. The following table shows this expansion's timeline:

    Just prior to the opening of the Metro Rail, Proposition U passed, which halved the allowable residential density throughout much of Los Angeles.[14] This reduced the viability of the Metro Rail by limiting dense residential housing near transit stations.[14] Before 2000, none of the land near the stations was converted to residential use.[14]

    More information Segment description, Date opened ...
    1. Segment also included significant expansion of an existing station(s): this was not counted as a new station.
    2. In terms of added trackage; Expo Line was through service to 7th Street/Metro Center.
    3. Infill station on the Expo Line between Expo/La Brea and Expo/Crenshaw; opened on the same day in conjunction with the Expo Line To Culver City.
    4. The at-grade Little Tokyo/Arts District station was demolished to make way for the Regional Connector; it was replaced by an underground station nearby.
    5. In terms of removed trackage; L Line service between Union Station and Pico/Aliso was discontinued.
    6. Likely varies from the "official" Metro figure due to rounding differences.

    Planned expansion

    Metro has worked to plan and prioritize project funding and implementation. Metro's 2009 Long Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) was developed to provide a long-term vision of transportation system development for the next 30 years.[20] Metro worked to update the 2009 LRTP plan citing new housing trends and fiscal changes. Metro released the updated LRTP in 2020.[21]

    Beginning in 2014, Metro saw its ridership numbers begin to decline. Many explanations exist for the decline, including safety concerns, an increase in ride-hailing service usage, low-income housing opportunities drying up in L.A. because of the increase in rents, and a shortage of housing.[22] Ridership declines also coincide with passage of AB 60, signed into law by Governor Brown in 2013, which provides for issuance of a vehicle operators license regardless of immigration status.[23][24]

    The fiscal changes are the passage of Measure R, a countywide incrememental sales tax increase passed by voters in 2008, provides funding for many of the highest priority projects in the LRTP.[25][non-primary source needed] On November 6, 2012, Metro attempted to pass Measure J,[26] but failed as it did not reach the two-thirds majority needed to pass.[27][28] In November 2016 election, Metro decided to place another sales tax on the ballot. The voters then approved Measure M, a half-cent permanent sales tax increase, to fund many local projects, including Metro Rail expansion.[29]

    In 2018, Metro approved renaming its rail lines using a letter-based scheme, similar to those in New York City.[30][31] Metro recommended the opening of the refurbished A Line in 2019 as a starting point to rename the lines,[32] and then continuing with the opening of the K line, finishing in time for the opening of the Regional Connector in 2023.[33][non-primary source needed]

    Current and priority projects

    The following rail projects have been given high priority by Metro. They all appear in the 2009 LRTP constrained plan,[20] and all have funding earmarked from Measure R.[25][34] With the passage of Measure M in 2016, Metro released an updated Long Range Transportation plan in February 2017, and released a full report in 2020,[35] along with its Twenty-eight by '28 initiative.[36]

    More information Concept name, Description ...

    Other expansion concepts

    Metro's Long Range Transportation Plan was published in 2009,[20] and was updated in 2020.[21] The following proposed line/system expansions do not have funding or high priority in Metro's long-range plans. Some are listed as "strategic unfunded" in the last Long Range Transportation Plan, indicating some possibility they could be constructed should additional funding materialize. Others have been the subject of Metro Board discussion, with the possibility of future feasibility studies. (More information on each project can be found in the references.)

    More information Concept name, Description ...

    See also

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