Maathorneferure

Maathorneferure

Maathorneferure

Queen consort of Egypt

Maathorneferure was an ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Ramesses II.[1]

Quick Facts Born, Died ...

Family

Maathorneferure was a daughter of the Hittite king Hattusili III and his wife, Queen Puduhepa.[2][3] She was the sister of the crown prince Nerikkaili of Hatti and the sister of the later Hittite king Tudhaliya IV.[4]

Maathorneferure was married to the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 34th year of his reign, becoming the King's Great Wife.[5][6] Her original name is unknown, but her Egyptian name translates as "One who sees Horus, the invisible splendor of Ra".

Life

Piece of papyrus bearing the name of Maathorneferura, the Hittite princesess daughter of the great ruler of Khatti who married Ramesses II. From Gurob, Fayum, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Maathorneferure and Hattusili III before Ramesses II

Egypt and the Hittite empire had been increasingly at odds since the demise of the kingdom of the Mitanni, and Maathorneferure's marriage to the Egyptian king was the conclusion of the peace process which had begun with the signing of a peace treaty thirteen years earlier.[7]

On the Marriage Stela it is claimed that "The daughter of the great chief of Kheta marched in [front] of the army [...]" [8]

The Hittite princess left Hattusa, the Hittite capital, in late 1246 BCE, accompanied by her mother and a huge contingent laden with gold, silver, bronze, cattle and sheep, and slaves.[2] At the Egyptian frontier, a message was despatched to the Pharaoh: 'They have traversed sheer mountains and treacherous passes to reach Your Majesty's border.' Ramesses sent a welcoming party to escort the princess through Canaan and into Egypt. She arrived in February 1245 BCE at Pi-Ramesse.[9]

For Ramesses, the marriage was valuable more for the large dowry he acquired rather than his new bride, who was despatched to his harem palace at Mer-wer (today's Gurob).[10] According to another account, however, Maathorneferure is said to have given Ramesses a baby (a girl called Neferure, according to the Abydos procession) and died shortly thereafter.[11]

Maathorneferure is mentioned on a papyrus found at Gurob. The partial text on the papyrus states: [...] small bag, the king's wife Maathorneferure (may she live) (the daughter of) the great ruler of Khatti, [...] Dayt garment of 28 cubits, 4 palms, breadth 4 cubits, [bag?] of 14 cubits, 2 palms, breath 4 cubits - 2 items [...] palms, breath 4 cubits.[10]

At Tanis, there is a broken statue of Ramesses that shows her (mostly destroyed) figure touching his leg, together with her cartouche.

During the latter half of the first millennium BCE Maathorneferure's marriage to the pharaoh gave rise to the tale inscribed on the Bentresh stela in which the sister of a foreign queen is healed by a divine statue sent from Egypt.[12]

Alternative spellings

  • Maat-hor-neferure
  • Maatnefrure
  • Maat-hor-nefrure
  • Naptera[13]

References

  • "Marriage Stela" in Ancient Records of Egypt by J. H. Breasted, Part Three, §415ff
  • "The Bentresh Stela" in Ancient Egyptian Literature by M. Lichtheim, Vol.3, pp. 90ff.
  • Ramesside Inscriptions by Kenneth Anderson Kitchen
  • Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age by Trevor R. Bryce, p. 117ff.
  • The Kingdom Of The Hittites by Trevor Robert Bryce, p. 283

Notes

  1. [1]
    Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-5000-51283.
  2. [2]
    Shalaby, Mostafa (2019-01-01). "The holders of the title i my -r ssmt (Overseer of the horses) of the Ramesside period". مجلة کلیة الآثار . جامعة القاهرة. 6 (2019): 3–18. doi:10.21608/jarch.2019.90999. ISSN 2682-4884.
  3. [3]
    Kawaminami, André Shinity (2019-08-28). "A dualidade da representação de Ramsés II e dos hititas na Estela de Casamento: A relação do Egito com o reino de Hatti no século XIII a.C." Epígrafe (in Portuguese). 7 (7): 161–186. doi:10.11606/issn.2318-8855.v7i7p161-186. ISSN 2318-8855.
  4. [4]
    Töyräänvuori, Joanna (2022), Kõiv, Mait; Läänemets, Märt; Droß-Krüpe, Kerstin; Fink, Sebastian (eds.), "The Ugaritic Combat Myth and Egypto-Hittite Relations in the Late Bronze Age", Crisis in Early Religion, Universal- und kulturhistorische Studien. Studies in Universal and Cultural History, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, pp. 61–70, doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36989-7_5, ISBN 978-3-658-36989-7, retrieved 2024-01-25
  5. [5]
    Tomorad, Mladen (2014). "A History of Research Into Ancient Egyptian Culture in Southeast Europe": 1–284. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. [6]
    Dodson, Aidan (2020-10-06). Nefertiti, Queen and Pharaoh of Egypt: Her Life and Afterlife. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-64903-168-6.
  7. [7]
    Töyräänvuori, Joanna (2022), "The Ugaritic Combat Myth and Egypto-Hittite Relations in the Late Bronze Age", Crisis in Early Religion, Universal- und kulturhistorische Studien. Studies in Universal and Cultural History, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, pp. 61–70, doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36989-7_5, ISBN 978-3-658-36988-0, retrieved 2024-01-24
  8. [8]
    J.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Three, § 415ff.
  9. [9]
    Wilkinson, Toby (2011). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. Bloomsbury. pp. 340–41. ISBN 978-1-4088-1002-6.
  10. [10]
    Gurob, papyrus 32795
  11. [11]
    Tyldesley, Joyce (2001). Egypt's Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7472-51606.
  12. [12]
    The Bentresh Stela
  13. [13]
    Jackson, Guida M. (2003). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. Santa Barbara : ABC-CLIO. p. 337. ISBN 1576070913.
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