Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanate

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

Aromatic diisocyanate

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is an aromatic diisocyanate. Three isomers are common, varying by the positions of the isocyanate groups around the rings: 2,2′-MDI, 2,4′-MDI, and 4,4′-MDI. The 4,4′ isomer is most widely used, and is also known as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.[3] This isomer is also known as Pure MDI. MDI reacts with polyols in the manufacture of polyurethane. It is the most produced diisocyanate, accounting for 61.3% of the global market in the year 2000.[4]

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Production

Total world production of MDI and polymeric MDI is over 7.5 million tonnes per year (in 2017).

As of 2019, the largest producer was Wanhua Chemical Group.[5] Other major producers are Covestro,[6] BASF, Dow, Huntsman, Tosoh, Kumho Mitsui Chemicals. All major producers of MDI are members of the International Isocyanate Institute, whose aim is the promotion of the safe handling of MDI and TDI in the workplace, community and environment.

The first step of the production of MDI is the reaction of aniline and formaldehyde, using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst to produce 4,4'-Methylenedianiline and other diamine precursors, as well as their corresponding polyamines:

Then, these diamines are treated with phosgene to form a mixture of isocyanates, the isomer ratio being determined by the isomeric composition of the diamine. Two different reaction mechanisms for this transformation are possible, namely "phosgenations first" and "step-wise phosgenations".[7]

Distillation of the mixture gives a mixture of oligomeric polyisocyanates, known as polymeric MDI, and a mixture of MDI isomers which has a low 2,4′ isomer content. Further purification entails fractionation of the MDI isomer mixture.[8]

Reactivity of the isocyanate group

The positions of the isocyanate groups influences their reactivity. In 4,4′-MDI, the two isocyanate groups are equivalent but in 2,4′-MDI the two groups display highly differing reactivities. The group at the 4-position is approximately four times more reactive than the group at the 2-position due to steric hindrance.[4]

MDI isomers and polymer

Applications

The major application of 4,4′-MDI is the production of rigid polyurethane.[9] These rigid polyurethane foams are good thermal insulators and used in nearly all freezers and refrigerators worldwide, as well as buildings. Typical polyols used are polyethylene adipate (a polyester) and poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (a polyether).

4,4′-MDI is also used as an industrial strength adhesive, which is available to end consumers as various high-strength bottled glue preparations.[10]

Safety

MDI, like the other isocyanates, is an allergen and sensitizer. Persons developing sensitivity to isocyanates may have dangerous systemic reactions to extremely small exposures, including respiratory failure. Handling MDI requires strict engineering controls and personal protective equipment.[11] It is a potentially violently reactive material towards water and other nucleophiles.

References

  1. [1]
    NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0413". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. [2]
    "Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. [3]
    Pubchem. "4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate | C15H10N2O2 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
  4. [4]
    Randall, D.; Lee, S. (2003). The Polyurethanes Book. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-85041-1.
  5. [5]
    Tullo, Alexander H. (29 July 2019). "C&EN's Global Top 50 chemical companies of 2018". Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 97, no. 30. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  6. [6]
    Gal, J. (2012-02-20). "To the Rescue". ICIS Chemical Business. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  7. [7]
    Boros, R. Zsanett; Koós, Tamás; Wafaa, Cheikh; Nehéz, Károly; Farkas, László; Viskolcz, Béla; Szőri, Milán (2018-08-16). "A theoretical study on the phosgenation of methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA)". Chemical Physics Letters. 706: 568–576. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.024. ISSN 0009-2614. S2CID 102682388.
  8. [8]
    Six, C.; Richter, F. "Isocyanates, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_611. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  9. [9]
    Boustead, I. (2005). "Polyurethane rigid foam" (PDF). Eco-Profiles of the European Plastics Industry. Brussels: PlasticsEurope. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-25.
  10. [10]
    US patent 6884904, Smith, A. K.; Goddard, R. J.; Paulsen, E. J. L., "MDI-based polyurethane prepolymer with low monomeric MDI content", issued 2005-04-26
  11. [11]
    Almaguer, D.; et al. (September 2006). "Preventing Asthma and Death from MDI Exposure During Spray-on Truck Bed Liner and Related Applications" (PDF). NIOSH Alert. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006–149. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
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