Establishment of the monastery

The establishment of the women's monastery in Vilnius was connected with the Russification campaign in the Lithuanian lands through the promotion of Russia's state religion – Eastern Orthodoxy. At the time of its founding, it was the third monastic community of this denomination in Vilnius, alongside the male monasteries of the Holy Spirit and the Holy Trinity. The founding document of the Monastery of St. Mary Magdalene dates back to 9 November 1864. The order in this matter was personally signed by Tsar Alexander II.^[3] Orthodox nuns, according to it, took over the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, which was simultaneously dissolved. According to the monastery's chronicle written in 1965 by Sister Barbara (Trofimowa), the Visitation nuns were allowed to leave the country along with most of the movable property.^[4] The establishment of the monastery was blessed by the Orthodox Metropolitan of Vilnius and Lithuania, Joseph Semashko.^[4] Metropolitan Philaret Drozdov of Moscow was also particularly involved in its creation.^[3] According to the founding charter, the nuns were to run an orphanage at the monastery, which was opened on July 22^{[note 1]} of the following year.^[4]

The nuns who established the Monastery of St. Mary Magdalene came from the St. Alexis Convent in Moscow. The first abbess was nun Flaviana (Popova).^[4] On October 22, Bishop Ignatius of Brest, in accordance with the resolution of the Most Holy Synod, bestowed upon her the dignity of hegumeness.^[4] Hegumeness Flaviana, over the next few years, carried out a thorough renovation of the buildings previously belonging to the Visitation nuns, coupled with the transformation of the monastic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Vilnius into the Church of St. Mary Magdalene.^[4]

In addition to the reconstruction of the main temple during the works, a second church was arranged, dedicated to the Protection of the Mother of God, and part of the residential buildings was adapted into accommodations for the orphanage.^[4] The hegumeness fully enforced the monastery rule's provisions upon the sisters (including those who came from Moscow), formed a choir from them, and herself engaged in the work of the orphanage from 1868 (i.e., from the admission of the first wards). She was the director of the orphanage.^[4] She also led the school of painting established at the monastery.^[4] The icons, complete iconostases, and other works created by the nuns and the wards of the orphanage were used in churches in Vilnius and beyond. Another workshop run by the nuns dealt with sewing liturgical garments.^[4] For exemplary management of the newly established monastery, Hegumeness Flaviana was awarded the right to wear a pectoral cross in 1871.^[4] In 1877, for the same reason, she was nominated for the award of a cross with ornaments, but she did not live to receive it (she passed away in 1878).^[4]

Activity of the monastery until the time of emigration

After the death of Hegumeness Flaviana, her duties were taken over by nun Antonina (Zołotariowa), who arrived with her from Moscow. She received the title of hegumeness from Archbishop Macarius Bulgakov of the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Lithuania less than two months after formally assuming the position on 22 June 1878.^[4] This nun remained at the helm of the community until 1900, when she resigned due to old age. She passed away in the monastery four years later.^[4] Archbishop Juwenaliusz (Połowcew) of the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Lithuania appointed Hegumeness Moiseyeva (Lalina), who was brought from another monastery, as her successor.^[4] She initiated a comprehensive renovation of the monastery buildings, during which the churches were lined with marble, a new altar was installed in the main church, and all of them were enriched with new icons.^[4] During the tenure of Hegumeness Moiseyeva, the nuns ran a school for 40 daughters of clergy or government officials working in the western and northern parts of the Russian Empire. The icon-painting workshop continued its work.^[4]

According to a description in a Russian guidebook to Vilnius published in the early 20th century, the monastery was situated in an extremely picturesque location, and the complex of buildings occupied by the nuns was surrounded by a well-kept orchard. The activity of the school run by the nuns and the level of singing in the monastery church were also highly praised.^[5]

In 1912, when the hegumeness resigned from her position at her own request, there were 89 nuns in the monastery. The Most Holy Synod appointed nun Vera (Potapienko) as the new hegumeness, who had previously lived in one of the monasteries in St. Petersburg.^[4] In 1914, she organized a hospital for 15 soldiers at the monastery.^[4]

Departure from Vilnius

On July 22 (August 4 according to the Gregorian calendar) 1915, Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow conducted the final Divine Liturgy in the monastery's Church of St. Mary Magdalene. On September 14 of the same year, the nuns and the children under their care, fleeing from the front, embarked on a journey of emigration. A total of 114 nuns and students left the monastery, taking their movable property with them. Initially, they went to Minsk, and after a month, to Petrograd.^[4] In Petrograd, the group split: those nuns who wished to do so went to their relatives, while others remained in various monasteries in the capital of Russia. Meanwhile, the shelter continued to operate in its previous form. Fifty nuns, along with their Mother Superior, were transferred to the Monastery of St. Mary Magdalene in Vokhonovo near Tsarskoye Selo.^[4] In 1918, nun Vera (Potapienko) was elevated to the rank of hegumeness.^[4]

In 1918, Hegumeness Vera fell ill and resigned from her position, after which she went to her family in Finland. She was succeeded by Hegumeness Nina (Bataszowa). She, too, decided to return to Vilnius with some of the nuns (about 20 people).^[6] In the same year, she obtained permission for this from Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow and all Russia.^[4] However, upon the arrival of the nuns in Lithuanian lands, it turned out that the monastery buildings were occupied for the needs of the German army, and the nuns could only inhabit a few rooms in the complex of buildings. They also lost this part when, in 1919, the Visitation nuns legally regained their former property.^[7]

World War II and the 1940s

On 10 July 1944, the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky suffered serious damage due to an air raid. The main dome and bell tower were destroyed, and residential buildings were damaged. The original interior furnishings also suffered almost complete destruction,^[4] with the iconostasis burning down.^[6] As a result, in the early years after the war, the function of the church was fulfilled by a makeshift home chapel set up in the right wing of the building complex. In 1947, the nuns completed the reconstruction of the residential quarters and bell tower. Two years later, the main dome was rebuilt.^[11] Simultaneously, work was underway to reconstruct the interior of the church, mainly delayed due to a lack of funds to purchase materials. On 8 November 1951, Archbishop Focjusz (Topiro) of the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Lithuania re-consecrated the building. At that time, the nuns had the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky and the home chapel of St. Mary Magdalene. Four years later, with financial assistance from the Moscow Patriarchate, the monastery facilities were expanded: in addition to a two-story house for the nuns, a laundry room was built, the guardhouse was renovated, the complex of buildings was surrounded by a brick wall, and water and electricity were supplied.^[13] The monastery housed 35 nuns. In 1947, one of them, Tabita (Dmitruk), was transferred to the Monastery of the Holy Trinity and St. Sergius of Radonezh in Riga as the hegumeness.^[4]

Closing of the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky

In 1957, the monastery housed 17 nuns, 12 rasophore sisters and novices.^[4] Further expansion of the church and monastery was planned, but on 12 June 1959, despite parishioner protests, both the monastery and the church were removed from the register of active Orthodox religious sites. This was equivalent to the confiscation of monastery property.^[3] Parishioners sent a letter to Nikita Khrushchev, requesting consideration of the church's importance to the southern districts of Vilnius, but to no avail. On 28 August 1960, the last nuns left the monastery premises.^[14] At that time, there were 23 nuns and 5 novices living in the monastery.^[3] They relocated to the buildings of the male Monastery of the Holy Spirit, where they remained until 2015.^[1] They retained most of the monastery's movable property, except for individual items transferred to the Cathedral of the Theotokos in Vilnius.^[4] A few nuns settled in the Pühtitsa Convent.^[15]

In the Monastery of the Holy Spirit

The life of both monasteries was largely integrated: the nuns worked for both communities in the kitchen, garden, office, baked prosphora, took care of the Orthodox cemetery in Vilnius, and sang in the choir of the Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius. The nuns occupied one of the wings of the monastery complex.^[4] In 1965, the 100th anniversary of the monastery's existence was solemnly celebrated.^[4] In 1989, the Council of Ministers of Lithuania declared the nullity of the decree abolishing the monastery, which gave it a legal basis for independent functioning also de jure.^[3]

The Mother Superior of the Monastery of St. Mary Magdalene remained until 1968 Hegumeness Nina (Bataszowa), who then took the vows of the Great Schema with the name Barbara, thereby stepping down from her position (she died in 1969). She was replaced by her niece, Sister Angelina (Bataszowa).^[3] In the same year, Sister Barbara (Trofimowa) left the community, and as an hegumeness, she took the lead of the Pühtitsa Convent.^[16]

In the Monastery of the Holy Spirit

In 2002, Sister Nadzieja (Łomako) became the new Mother Superior. Two years later, the monastery was home to 9 nuns and 4 novices.^[3] The website of the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Lithuania stated that in 2010, the community consisted of 12 nuns. This is the only Orthodox female monastery in Lithuania.^[17] In 2011, the Mother Superior of the community was Sister Archełaja (Iwanowa).^[6]

Return to the facilities at the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky

On 24 May 2015, the nuns returned to the buildings used by the community from 1937 to 1960, located near the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky. On the same day, the Mother Superior of the monastery, Sister Serafina (Iwanowa), was elevated to the rank of hegumeness.^[1] In 2016, the community consisted of 9 nuns and 1 novice.^[18]

Two former Mother Superiors of the monastery, Igumenia Flawiana and Antonina,^[4] were buried near the monastery buildings used until 1915. Other burials of the sisters were and continue to be carried out at the Orthodox cemetery in Vilnius, in a designated section.^[19]

Branch church in Posakiszki

In 2022, the construction of the branch church dedicated to the Icon of the Mother of God "Joy and Consolation" in Posakiszki (Bezdonys Eldership, Vilnius District Municipality) was completed. On February 3 of that year, the facility was consecrated by Metropolitan Innocent of Vilnius and Lithuania.^[20]