Neural tube to myelencephalon

During fetal development, divisions of the neural tube that give rise to the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the other primary vesicles (forebrain and midbrain) occur at 28 days after conception. With the exception of the midbrain, these primary vesicles undergo further differentiation at 5 weeks after conception to form the myelencephalon and the other secondary vesicles.^[2]

Myelencephalon to medulla

Final shape differentiation of the myelencephalon into the medulla oblongata can be observed at 20 weeks gestation.^[2]

^[3]

Function

The medulla oblongata is responsible for several functions of the autonomic nervous system. These functions include:^[5]

1) Respiration: monitors the acidity of the blood and sends electrical signals to intercostal muscle tissue to increase their contraction rate in order to oxygenate the blood as needed.

2) Cardiac & Vasomotor Center:^[6] monitors and regulates cardiovascular activities by:

• Sympathetic excitation in order to increase cardiac output
• Parasympathetic inhibition of cardiac output
• Affecting blood pressure via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

3) Reflexes

• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Swallowing (palatal)
• Vomiting
• Gagging (pharyngeal)
• Jaw jerk (masseter)

Damage/trauma

Because of its location in the brainstem and its many important roles in the autonomic nervous system, damage to the medulla oblongata is usually fatal.