Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal (Thai: เนติวิทย์ โชติภัทร์ไพศาล; born 10 September 1996), nicknamed Frank (Thai: แฟรงก์), is a Thai student activist, librarian, preservationist, conscientious objector, producer, publisher, and author. He is a founder of TERA (Thailand Educational Revolution Alliance) and Education for Liberation of Siam.^[1] Both groups aim to reform the Thai education system. In addition, he has established Samnak Nisit Sam Yan Press for publishing thoughts and ideas in Thai language, and also Humanity Beyond Borders for giving assistance to refugees and those in needs of protection.

Netiwit is an outspoken activist who speaks against the Thai Junta both on Facebook and in public. In 2018, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) filed a police complaint against him and six activists for being leaders of the protest^[2] and accused them, along with thirty-two other protesters, of violating the 2015 Public Assembly Act,^[3] which might cost him 7–9 years in jail.

Netiwit was elected as the student council president at Chulalongkorn University,^[4] but was removed from the position and had his behavior score deducted by university authorities in consequence of 2017 Chulalongkorn University incident. This was in spite of support from eight Nobel laureates, as well as noted academics such as Noam Chomsky, Steven Pinker, and others. However, after he filed a petition with the Administrative Court against Chulalongkorn University, the court ruled in his favor a year later, and his position and behavior score were restored.^[5]

Netiwit is currently studying political science at Chulalongkorn University while being a librarian at the Santi Pracha Dhamma Library.

In April 2020, he was voted by students of Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University to be the President of the Political Science Student Union of Chulalongkorn University for 2020–2021.

On 31 March 2021, Netiwit was elected by Chulalongkorn University undergraduates to be the President of Chulalongkorn University's Student Union (SUCU) with a landslide victory, the highest votes received for the position and highest-turnout rate over decades.^[6][7]

Netiwit was born in Samut Prakan province on 10 September 1996.^[8] He is the youngest child of a middle-class family of shopkeepers.^[8][9]

In 2012, Netiwit and a group of fellow students formed TERA (Thailand Education Revolution Alliance). A student-led organization, TERA aimed to pressure education authorities to reform the Thai education system. This includes abolishing strict uniform codes, increasing the quality of teachers and curriculum, reducing rote-style education, and increasing the number of public schools.^[10] Netiwit gained public recognition after appearing on a television program to speak about the organization and its cause.^[11]

Education for Liberation of Siam was formed in December 2013 by Netiwit and other student activists. Netiwit serves as the first secretary of the organization. The purpose of the group is to provide a platform for student activism and disseminating questionable actions and misconduct by authority figures in the Thai education system. In 2014, under the secretary general Nattanan Warintarawet, the organization gained prominence for protesting against educational reforms put in place by the Junta.^{[12][13][14][15]}

In July 2016, Netiwit and a friend caused controversy by refusing to prostrate before the statue of King Rama V at an annual Chulalongkorn University event citing that King Rama V himself abolished the act. He received both praise and criticism from the act, notably the ire of General Prayut Chan-o-cha, leader of Thailand's junta.^[16][17][18] Netiwit has also spoken out against hazing in a common Thai initiation tradition known as rub nong (Thai: รับน้อง; RTGS: rap nong; IPA: [ráp nɔ́ːŋ]).^[19]

In 2016, Netiwit personally invited activist Joshua Wong to speak at an event commemorating the 1976 Thammasat University massacre. Wong was detained for twelve hours upon entering Thailand but managed to speak to attendees via Skype after being deported.^[20][21] In May 2017, Netiwit was elected as Student Council President at Chulalongkorn University.^[22][23]

In 2018, he ran as board member of Amnesty International Thailand, AIT, and to be elected in the Annual General Meeting 2019 on 21 July 2018. AIT then filed a request to the Bangkok Association Registrar to have a replacement of board member. However, the Bangkok Association Registrar informed AIT that they could not register and issue a permit for the registration of all-new board members invoking Netiwit's improper demeanor or lack of qualifications to be a member of an association's board. An appeal was filed, as a result of which the authorities accepted the registration of three new board members save for Netiwit.^[50]

AIT later filed an appeal with the Minister of Interior furhishing^{[check spelling]} and was further informed that Netiwit was being held criminally liable in four cases for "being complicit in an act to defy the Head of the National Council for Peace and Order no. 3/2558 on "The Maintenance of Public Order and National Security's Article 12". The authorities therefore deemed his demeanor unfit for administrating an association serving the public interest and for setting an example for the general public and youth. He was therefore considered unqualified to sit as a board member of the association since it may affect public order and national security.

The alleged police document leaked to Netiwit in 2020 outlines four points regarding his 'unsuitable behavior' from when he was in high school to his time at Chulalongkorn University.^[51][52]

The four points are:

• Unsuitable behavior that breaches Thai etiquette and culture (citing his demand to abolish school hair-cut rules when he was in high school)
• Non-cooperation with military conscription in accordance with the law
• Leading and/or participating in a protest that would harm Thai diplomatic relations (citing his demonstration in support of Liu Xiaobo and 1989 Tiananmen Square protests)
• Actions against provisions and litigation

In October 2019, AIT and Netiwit filed a lawsuit with the Administrative Court, the defendants are the registrar for alleged abuse of power in disqualifying Netiwit and Interior Minister Gen Anupong Paochinda for neglect of duty for failing to deliver the appeal result in the stipulated timeframe.

On 17 February 2023, the Central Administrative Court overturned the 2019 decision of the Minister of Interior, which had rejected an appeal by Amnesty International Thailand (AIT) to register Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal as a member of its Board of Directors. The Court cited the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand’s Section 29, emphasizing the principle of presumed innocence until proven guilty. Given that Netiwit had not been judicially declared guilty, his prior activism shouldn't render him unsuitable for the AIT position.

The Director General's refusal to register Netiwit was deemed an unlawful violation of constitutional rights, seen as an excessive measure unrelated to public order or national security. Both the decision of the Director General of the Department of Provincial Administration and the Minister of Interior's appeal dismissal were declared unlawful.

Ms. Thitirat Thipsamritkul, Chairperson of Amnesty International Thailand, noted Netiwit's association with AIT since March 2012 and his election to the Board in July 2018. She hailed the Court's verdict as a pivotal move in upholding the freedom of association in Thailand and reaffirming the boundaries of state power in respect to individual rights.^[53]

In 2014, after the Thai coup, Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal publicly announced his position as a conscientious objector on the War Resisters' International website.^[54] This wasn't merely a token gesture; it echoed his deeper convictions against enforced military service.^[55]

Upon entering university, he navigated the provisions of Thai law that allowed him to defer his military service. This deferral, however, was not without its annual challenges. Each year, he was mandated to report to the military center to reaffirm his deferment. Never one to miss an opportunity for activism, Netiwit used these visits to raise awareness about his cause. Accompanied by banners and posters, he criticized the enforced conscription and highlighted the alleged corruption within the Thai military system.^[56] On one occasion, he, along with a group of friends, conducted a poll at the center, querying young Thai males about their stance on enforced recruitment. The results were telling; a majority voiced their reluctance to be coerced into service.^[57]

The narrative took another turn in 2023 when Netiwit, at age 26, embraced monkhood. With the end of his deferral period looming and no possibility for further deferments, he faced a decision concerning his military obligation. Instead of enlisting, Netiwit penned a thoughtful letter to the sheriff, citing his unwavering stance as a conscientious objector since the age of 18.^[58]

Some speculate that his entry into monkhood is a strategic move, meant to thrust the military conscription issue into the spotlight. Given the revered position of monks in Thai society, the act of arresting one would undoubtedly be controversial.^[59]

While donning the monk's robes, Netiwit spoke to Tricycle. He articulated the stark contrast between the militaristic values championed by the establishment and the pacifist principles central to Buddhism. He remarked, "I don't wish to subject my temple to state-led pressures because of my actions. Yet, I'm cognizant of the fact that my decisions might lead to legal consequences, potentially even a three-year prison term. But irrespective of how the courts might judge, I stand steadfast, ready to face the repercussions of my choices."^[60]

Netiwit disrobed in April, 2023.

Netiwit has been credited as a transnational activist for Thai and Hong Kong democracy movement^[61] ahead of the arrival of Milk Tea Alliance in 2020 through an invitation to Joshua Wong to speak at Chulalongkorn University in 2016 and issuing a translation of a book in support of the Hong Kong movement in 2017

He has been one or the organizer of a protest to commemorate the Tiananmen incident in front of the Chinese embassy in Thailand since 2018.^[62] The police did not allow him to hold protests in front of the Chinese embassy in 2020, he made Tiananmen cookies to commemorate the events instead.^[63][64]

In 2018, Netiwit co-founded Humanity Beyond Borders aiming to raise funds in order to help refugees in Thailand organize activities and produce academic works to encourage knowledge and understanding of the problem of human rights violations in other countries.^[65] Netiwit has written a profile of Muay,^[66] Houayheuang Xayabouly, a Lao environmentalist who has been arrested by the Lao Government since 2019, and campaigned to release her. In 2020, Manushya Foundation, Human Rights Foundation and Humanity Beyond Borders sent the joint submission on behalf of Muay to Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (UNWGAD) with success; on 23 January 2021 the UNWGAD published a decision declaring Muay's detention to be arbitrary under international law, urging Laos to release her immediately, and calling for a full and independent investigation into her arbitrary detention^[67]

Netiwit has strongly against gentrification of Chulalongkorn University's neighbourhood ^[58] In June 2020, He and Chulalongkorn University students demonstrated against Chulalongkorn University's decision to demolish the Chao Mae Tubtim Shrine located near the campus^[68] for building new condominiums. Claiming the shrine as the last remaining Sam Yan neighbourhood heritage, he quoted Oscar Wilde's phrase that "The cynic knows the price of everything and the value of nothing."^[69] In 2021, Netiwit and the Chulalongkorn University's student union raised banners in front of Scala against the demolition of the historic Scala Theatre, then the largest standalone cinema in Southeast Asia.^[70] He criticized Chulalongkorn University for acting less like an institute of higher learning and more like a big business.^[71]

In 2023, Netiwit served as the producer for "The Last Breath of Sam Yan," a documentary that delves into the students' struggle to preserve the Chao Mae Tubtim Shrine from being demolished by CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY. The film touches upon the broader theme of gentrification, illustrating how historical landmarks and cultural sites are often under threat from modern development. The documentary received positive reviews from prominent international publications, including The Guardian^[72] and Nikkei Asia^[73] It was showcased at both House Sam Yan and the Doc Club and Pub, further establishing its cultural significance and the importance of the issues it addresses.

• In 2013, Netiwit had been nominated for a National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) award, but he rejected it, stating that he doubts whether the NHRC really takes the human rights issues seriously.^[74]
• In 2018 Netiwit was invited as one of the speakers at Oslo Freedom Forum 2018, which sponsored by the Human Rights Foundation.^[75]
• In 2018, Netiwit was announced as one of 50 Asians to watch in the public and social sector by the Straits Times (Singapore Press) as an honor to his social work, especially in democracy, education and military conscription.^[76]
• President of the Political Science Student Union of Chulalongkorn University for 2020–2021
• President of Chulalongkorn University's Student Union (SUCU)for 2021-2022

Samnak Nisit Sam Yan Publishing House, aka Sam Yan Press (Thai: สำนักพิมพ์สำนักนิสิตสามย่าน), has been established by Netiwit and his friends after removed from the Student Council in 2017.

After he was stripped of the position of the president of the student council, Netiwit and his colleagues founded Sam Yan Press (SCPH), a non-profit publisher, with the aim of publishing students' books and Thai translations of foreign political and philosophical works concerned with human rights and democratic ideas. In a statement on SCPH's website, it emphasizes bridging knowledge from the East and West in order to promote a secure foundation for upholding human rights both in and out of Thailand as well as the means to strengthen communication between professors, students and the general public.^[77]

The first work published by SCPH was the book published while Joshua Wong was in jail due to his conviction being overturned by the Hong Kong court in October 2017. The book, Time is on our side: A birthday book for Joshua Wong, which was translated by Netiwit himself, contained translated essays from Martin Luther King Jr. ("Letter from Birmingham Jail") and Liu Xiaobo ("Tiananmen Square: The hunger strike declaration, 2 June 1989"), as well as a translated interview with Joshua Wong. SCPH has also published the works of philosophers such as Isaiah Berlin, Liu Xiaobo, Cass Sunstein, Timothy Snyder, Vaclav Havel, Rebecca Solnit as well as other activists' work.^[78]

Joshua Wong, a prominent activist, stated, 'Sam Nak Nisit Samyang Publishing offers to youngsters of Thai a lesson on how to confront authoritarian oppression under a hard-line policy of the regime.'^[77]

Netiwit has written many books on his experience with Thai education in general and his school in particular; his most well-known book is A Bad Student In an Excellent Educational System concerning his struggles in high school. He also wrote about his opinion on Thai politics and on the Chinese abusing the human rights of Uighurs, Hong Kong, and Tibetans. In 2018, he wrote a pamphlet called 'I Can Love My Country Without Having to be Drafted' arguing why enforced conscription in Thailand is obsolete.^[79] Netiwit translated Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and Liu Xiaobo's "Second June Hunger Strike Declaration" to raise funds for the twenty-first birthday of his friend Joshua Wong, who was in jail at the time. Netiwit has also worked with his friends to translate a selection of Isaiah Berlin's essays into Thai and sent it to Deputy Police Commissioner Pol General Srivara Ransibrahmanakul which charged Netiwit with false PR (public relations).^[80] He also translated 'On Tyranny' by Timothy Snyder as well as the work of Vaclav Havel, Thomas Paine, Noam Chomsky and Tony Judt. Netiwit published his Thai translation, I Have No Enemies, the first collected essays of the late Liu Xiaobo, Chinese dissidents, in which Joshua Wong and Perry Link wrote the foreword, and translated work on the devastating Uighur situation in China.^[81]