PACS1

PACS1

PACS1

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


Phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1, also known as PACS-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PACS1 gene.[5][6][7]

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Function

The PACS-1 protein has a putative role in the localization of trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane proteins. Mouse and rat homologs have been identified and studies of the homologous rat protein indicate a role in directing TGN localization of furin by binding to the protease's phosphorylated cytosolic domain. In addition, the human protein plays a role in HIV-1 Nef-mediated downregulation of cell surface MHC-I molecules to the TGN, thereby enabling HIV-1 to escape immune surveillance.[7][8]

Interactions

PACS1 has been shown to interact with Furin.[8]

Clinical significance

A de novo mutation c.607C>T in the PACS1 gene has been shown to result in a syndromic phenotype (colloquially called PACS1 Syndrome) that is characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, and specific facial features.[9][10]

Prevalence and diagnosis

The first two cases were identified in early 2011 by doctors in the Netherlands.[9] As of late 2014, there were 20 cases identified worldwide.[11]

Diagnosis is typically done using full genome or exome sequencing.[12] There are likely several more cases that will eventually be reported as knowledge of the mutation spreads and testing becomes more accessible.

Observed and reported traits

Individuals with the mutation have been reported to have similar facial features, such as:

  • Widely spaced eyes and low-set ears
  • Down-slanting eye corners and mild uni-brow
  • Highly arched eyebrows and long eyelashes
  • Rounded “button” nose with a flat bridge
  • Wide mouth with down-turned corners
  • Thin upper lip and widely spaced teeth

Other common traits reported by care givers of affected individuals are:

Prognosis and treatment

In combination, these traits affect walking, talking, feeding, and learning skills. No impact on life expectancy has been found. As with many developmental disabilities, there is no "cure".

In order to improve quality of life and enhance life skills of affected individuals, care givers have found a number of tools and strategies. It is important to note that all of these may not be applicable to a particular individual, and reported effectiveness has varied. It is recommended to consult with a physician prior to initiating any form of treatment.[13]


References

  1. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. Hinners I, Wendler F, Fei H, Thomas L, Thomas G, Tooze SA (Dec 2003). "AP-1 recruitment to VAMP4 is modulated by phosphorylation-dependent binding of PACS-1". EMBO Reports. 4 (12): 1182–9. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400018. PMC 1326413. PMID 14608369.
  4. Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, Oh EC, Vissers LE, Swinkels ME, Gilissen C, Willemsen MA, Holvoet M, Steehouwer M, Veltman JA, de Vries BB, van Bokhoven H, de Brouwer AP, Katsanis N, Devriendt K, Brunner HG (2012). "Recurrent de novo mutations in PACS1 cause defective cranial-neural-crest migration and define a recognizable intellectual-disability syndrome". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 91 (6): 1122–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.013. PMC 3516611. PMID 23159249.
  5. "Treatment". pacs1.info. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-07-30.

Further reading



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