Biltmore

In 1886, Smith joined the firm of Richard Morris Hunt, at his New York City office.^{[3][4]: 8.5} In 1889, Hunt assigned Smith to be the supervising architect for George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore in Asheville, North Carolina.^[3][7] Biltmore was planned to be more than the largest home in America; it was also to be a working estate with expansive grounds designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.^[7]

Smith oversaw the receipt of all materials and Biltmore's construction, along with supervising the principal contractor D. C. Weeks, and the work of carpenters, masons, metalworkers, painters, plasterers, stone carvers, stonecutters, wood carvers, and related craftsmen. He ordered limestone from the Hallowell Stone Company of Bedford, Indiana, and cement from the J. B. Speed Company of Louisville, Kentucky. Smith calculated his weekly orders based on the number of workmen and their skillset, the type of work being done, and the weather.^[8]: 27

Smith was more than just a supervising architect; he designed many secondary buildings, cottages, and other structures for the estate while on site. One is the former Mule Stable which is now used as the Deerpark restaurant.^[8]: 46 He also designed Eastcote, a residence for Chauncey Beadle who was sent by Olmsted to supervise the estate's nursery operations.^[8]: 19 Eastcote is a two-story traditional-styled house with a pebble-dash finish.^[8]: 19 Smith also designed River Cliff Cottage in 1892 as a place for Vanderbilt's friends to stay during the construction of the main house.^[8]: 43 However, the since demolished brick and rough-cast cottage was best known as the temporary residence of Olmsted and his wife.^[8]: 43 Smith also renovated the Benjamin Julius Alexander Brick Farmhouse, an existing antebellum structure on the property, to serve as Vanderbilt's residence during the construction of Biltmore.^{[8]: 39, 41, 80}

According to Olmsted, the estate's Walled Garden complex was a collaborative design of Olmsted, Hunt, and Smith.^[8]: 36 On October 30, 1891, Smith wrote Hunt:

This day I send you by express blueprints of Vegetable Garden Walls for your approval. I have also enclosed a copy for Mr. Olmsted should you think it necessary he should see what we are about to do. I don’t think he has been consulted on the changes and additions, viz. setting back of Gardener’s Cottage twelve feet from the entrance and the retreat and tool house northwest corner of garden. These changes seem to meet with Mr. Vanderbilt’s approval.^[8]: 36

The last line also indicates that, after a year, Smith worked directly with their client, rather than through Hunt.

Smith also designed the Gardener's Cottage and the gates for the garden.^{[8]: 35–36} His other grounds-related projects include designing five iconic brick bridges for the estate in the early 1890s; these were constructed of bricks produced by the estate's brickworks and feature a Tudor-arch profile.^{[8]: 12–13} One spans the stream that feeds the bass pond and includes pedestrian overlooks in its side walls.^[8]: 13 On April 8, 1892, Smith wrote Hunt, "The bridge plans are nearly completed, and will be sent you early next week. I think a brick arch will answer, the pressure per foot is 6 tons. This should be safe for brick. As to the appearance, stone would be a pleasing change."^[8]: 39 The cost to excavate and build this brick bridge was $9,570 (equivalent to $311,698 in 2022).^[8]: 40

Although Vanderbilt and Smith appear to have discussed designs directly, Smith still sent his work to New York for Hunt's approval and to get the firm's official stamp.^[8]: 96 In addition, Smith sent Hunt weekly reports and they had a go-between who would come to Asheville periodically, while Hunt worked on other projects.^[4]: 8.5 When Hunt died in July 1895, his son Richard Howland Hunt, who had worked on some of the secondary buildings for the estate, took over management of the firm. At this point, Smith hired extra workers, pushing the project toward an end. In the spring of 1896, Smith wrote a letter to an associate indicating his plans to depart Biltmore for a proposed trip to Europe, after which he would return to Asheville and set up his architectural practice. Smith wrote, “So far as Estate work is concerned, I am unable to say as Mr. Hunt wishes me to stay until everything is completed at Biltmore House”.^[8]: 113

Smith was on-site at Biltmore from the start of construction in the summer of 1890 through essentially the house's completion in the fall of 1896^[8]: 113 However, through his new practice, he would remain Vanderbilt's architect of choice for decades. Biltmore Estate and its related buildings are a National Historic Landmark.^[8]

R. S. Smith Architect

In the fall of 1896, Smith established his practice in the Paragon Building in Asheville. He advertised as "R. S. Smith, Architect, Paragon Building. Eight years with the late Mr. R. M. Hunt. Six years resident architect for G. W. Vanderbilt, Esq."^[9] During his first five years in practice, 1896 to 1901, Smith received sixty commissions.^[3]

Vanderbilt continued to be a client, hiring Smith to design a manorial village outside the entrance to Biltmore.^[4]: 8.5 The resulting Biltmore Village included residential cottages, shops, a post office, and a hospital.^[3][10] With Biltmore Village, Smith developed an attractive look for the neighborhood surrounding the entrance to the estate, while also fulfilling his client's ambition to model ideal village life.^[11] Smith designed more than 24 buildings for Biltmore Village between 1900 and 1920.^[3][10] This includes all structures in the village except All Soul's Church, the Biltmore Estate Office, and the depot which were designed by Hunt previously; although Smith was the supervising architect for the church.^[12]

Vanderbilt also commissioned the Young Man's Institute (YMI) the first building Smith designed in Asheville proper.^[10] The YMI was a recreational center for Asheville's African Americans, many of whom worked for Vanderbilt, and also included space for shops and a doctor on the first floor.^[10] Smith used the same architectural styling for the YMI as the structures in Biltmore Village.^[13]

In another project for Vanderbilt, Smith designed five large rental cottages, actually mansions, across the Swannanoa River on Vernon Hill overlooking Biltmore.^{[10][4]: 8.5} Sunnicrest is the only surviving cottage and was restored by its owner, Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College, in 2016.^[10][14]

Smith's other early commissions were for houses and cottages in the Montford and Chestnut Hill neighborhoods of Asheville.^[1] Many of these homes have similar characteristics to those he designed for Biltmore Village.^[7] Biltmore Estate's Curator of Interpretation said, “Two beautiful examples of Richard Sharp Smith’s residential style—the Annie West House at 189 Chestnut Street in Chestnut Hill and the Charles Jordan House at 296 Montford Avenue—include pebbledash stucco, archways, and rooflines, much like his buildings in Biltmore Village.”^[7] The Preservation Society of Asheville & Buncombe County describes Smith's "true legacy to Asheville as his signature 'Biltmore-style' with its blend of English Arts and Craft styling combined with Elizabethan Tudor and Old World influences."^[10]

Smith was very protective of his designs and "imitation of his work was a source of great irritation to him."^[15]: 8.37 In 1897, he sued builder James M. Westall for using his designs without permission, especially exterior features.^{[15]: 8.37–8.38} Westall had previously built houses for Smith and went out on his own, undercutting costs by eliminating the architect.^{[15]: 8.37–8.38}

Smith & Carrier

Around 1905, Smith began working with Albert Heath Carrier (1878–1961), a Michigan-born engineer and inventor who moved to Asheville in 1884.^{[10][3][11][16][4]: 8.8} Carrier looked after the mechanical and structural engineering aspects of their projects, freeing Smith to be creative and to pursue more clients.^[11] Smith's motto was, "We can do anything and we will."^[11] In 1910, the duo incorporated as Smith & Carrier.^[10]

Between 1900 and 1920, Smith designed almost every significant building in downtown Asheville.^[3] His additions included hotels, medical buildings, office buildings, schools, and theaters.^[10] Some key buildings that no longer survive include the Asheville Club (remodeled into the Miles Building in 1925), the City Auditorium (encapsulated by the Asheville Civic Center, now called Harrah's Cherokee Center), the Langren Hotel, the Majestic Theater, the Pack Theater, the Plaza Theater, the Oates Building, the Paragon Building, St Genevieve's of the Pines Dormitory, Vance Public School, and the YMCA.^{[2][1][17][18][19][5]} He also designed courthouses for Henderson, Jackson, Madison, and Swain Counties.^[7] Smith was a practical choice for these institutional structures; he was the first architect in the region to utlize fire-proof reinforced concrete construction.^[10]

Smith donated his services to design a monument for former North Carolina Governor Zebulon Vance as the centerpiece to Asheville's Pack Square.^[10][20] The 66 feet (20 m) tall Vance Monument was part of the Downtown Asheville Historic District but was demolished in 2021.^[21][20]

With more than thirty structures designed by Smtith, the Montford Area Historic District in Asheville has the greatest concentration of Smith's buildings outside of Biltmore Village.^[11][10] However, many fine examples of Smith's work can be found in Asheville's Albemarle Park, Chestnut Hill Historic District, and Grove Park.^[10][22][11] When Smith died in 1924, Smith & Carrier had designed more than 700 buildings.^[16] After Smith's death, Carrier completed some open commissions but not much more.^[16]