Origins

The origins of the royaner role are rooted in the Great Law of Peace (Kainere'ko:wa), which is the political constitution of the Haudenosaunee confederacy.^[6] This political tradition was rooted in a deep desire and need for peace after the Time of the Troubled Nations,^[7] which was a time of great violence and war-making among Iroquois nations. The fifty men that accepted the Peacemaker's teachings and formed the original Five Nation Confederacy became the leaders that were entrusted with the confederacy's political and social well-being.^[8] Later, in 1722, the Tuscarora people also joined the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, which became known as the Six Nation Confederacy. The Tuscarora do have hereditary leaders in the Confederacy, but they are not included in the original 50 rotiyaneson.^[8]

Requickening

The 50 rotiyaneson that exist today are the same, in name and in spirit, as the 50 first leaders that were entrusted with the vital responsibility of peacekeeping. The idea is that the 50 people who created the confederacy are consistently requickened, as to never die and symbolically upkeep the Great Law of Peace forever. After the death of a Royaner, the son chosen by a Yakoyaner who holds a Royaner title goes through a condolence ceremony, and takes the role of the deceased, as well as their name and title.^[9] The cycle continues as to make sure that someone will always fill the role of a Royaner. Requickening, in its simplest expression, is the action of overcoming death through the condolence ceremony prescribed by the peacemaker, in which the name and the spirit of the dead will be given to someone else, for the void left by the deceased to be filled. This form of grieving and mourning is engraved in the identity of the Haudenosaunee and is therefore also represented at the leadership level of the Confederacy.^[4]

Relationship to Clan Mothers

Politically, the rotiyaneson effectively work as the federal level of government for the Haudenosaunee confederacy (as they represent nations) while Clan Mothers work at a local level of government, and they represent clans.^[2] It is important to note that the rotiyaneson are in no way hierarchically superior to the Clan Mothers because they lead on a larger scale. Indeed, the Haudenosaunee confederacy is known for its horizontal structures of government that prone a balance of gender roles, where no top-down or vertical structures are present and consensus is prioritized over coercion, effectively being the opposite of Western habits of governance.^[2] The Clan Mothers and the rotiyaneson are known for their circular and reciprocal form of governance, where most topics will be discussed between both forms of hereditary leadership as both point of views hold the same value.^[2] Some even argue that since Clan mothers have the power to dismiss - symbolically remove the antlers, after three strikes - a Royaner who is not honouring his role, they effectively have more power than the rotiyaneson do.^[4][9]

The case of the Brant family

Joseph Brant was a Mohawk man who was recognised as a military and political leader by the British Empire. However, he was not a Royaner and therefore was not recognised within Haudenosaunee nation as a rightful and legitimate leader.^[10] Nevertheless, when the Mohawk valley was forfeited by the British to the Americans in the Treaty of Paris, and the nation had to relocate, the British approached Joseph Brant to help in finding a suitable new homeland that would replace the lands lost in the war.^[10] The Confederacy hereditary leadership (the clan mothers and rotiyaneson), knowing that Brant was recognized by the Crown as one of their leaders and had standing in the British military, good English language skills and personal connections to the British leadership, allowed him to represent the nation in the negotiations as they felt that he had the most advantageous position to secure a more just compensation.^[10] It is important to note that, contrary to many historical representations of Joseph Brant as a "Mohawk tribal chief", he was never given authority to act on behalf of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.^[10] Instead, he simply served as a spokesman for the Confederacy council in the selection of the new Haudenosaunee homeland at the Grand River tract.^[10]

Elizabeth Brant was Joseph Brant's daughter, but was also, more importantly, the daughter of Catharine Brant, the Clan Mother responsible for nominating the leading Royaner of the Mohawk (Tehkarihoken). As such, when her mother passed away in 1837, she inherited the leadership role of Clan Mother and became responsible for nominating the new Tehkarihoken. However, as the British became more and more disinterested in traditional leadership structures and instead turned to patriarchal structures of power, the role of clan mothers was becoming less and less recognized. This growing disregard for the matrilineal hereditary line of leadership pushed Elizabeth Brant to petition the British court in 1844 to have her rights as a clan mother and the rights of her sons as potential future rotiyaneson recognized. This petition was successful and solidified the Royaner system of governance as a legitimate self-governing body of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy until 1924. This case helps us understand how the legitimacy Elizabeth had in her family as a clan mother and in the eyes of the British Empire as the daughter of Joseph Brant helped her to secure the protection of the Clan Mother and Royaner system of self-governance for the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.^[11]

Coup of 1924

In 1924, the government of Canada enacted an amendment to the Indian Act, which imposed an elected council structure as the only recognized form of Indigenous leadership among First Nations.^[12] Like many previous provisions of the act, this had the purpose of delegitimizing traditional Haudenosaunee leadership. However, this did not stop hereditary leaders from pushing back against the imposition of elected non-legitimate leadership through the preservation of the traditional system of leadership. While the patriarchal structures of power may have disproportionately advantaged male leaders, the rotiyaneson were the first to push back against the patriarchy to have their clan mothers recognized as legitimate leaders.^[13] This continued resistance demonstrates the enduring importance of horizontal leadership structures in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy that are founded on circular and reciprocal forms of governance that help to maintain a balance between genders.^[2]