Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4 (SMC-4) also known as chromosome-associated polypeptide C (CAP-C) or XCAP-C homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMC4 gene.^[5][6][7] SMC-4 is a core subunit of condensin I and II, large protein complexes involved in high order chromosome organization,^[8] including condensation and segregation.^[9] SMC-4 protein is commonly associated with the SMC-2 protein, another protein complex within the SMC protein family. SMC-4 dimerizes with SMC-2, creating the flexible and dynamic structure of the condensin holocomplex.^[8] An over-expression of the SMC-4 protein is shown to impact carcinogenesis.^[10][11][9]

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SMC4
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4U4P
Identifiers
Aliases	SMC4, CAP-C, CAPC, SMC-4, SMC4L1, hCAP-C, structural maintenance of chromosomes 4
External IDs	OMIM: 605575 MGI: 1917349 HomoloGene: 4015 GeneCards: SMC4
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 3 (human)[1] Band 3q25.33 Start 160,399,274 bp[1] End 160,434,954 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 3 (mouse)[2] Band 3|3 E1 Start 68,912,071 bp[2] End 68,941,956 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in ganglionic eminence spongy bone bone marrow cells Achilles tendon right coronary artery appendix rectum secondary oocyte oral cavity visceral pleura Top expressed in spermatocyte thymus maxillary prominence dermis hand ureter atrium abdominal wall primitive streak seminiferous tubule More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein heterodimerization activity nucleotide binding protein binding ATP binding single-stranded DNA binding Cellular component chromosome nucleus condensin complex nucleoplasm cytoplasm cytosol nuclear speck Biological process mitotic sister chromatid segregation meiotic chromosome segregation cell division cell cycle kinetochore organization mitotic chromosome condensation meiotic chromosome condensation chromosome condensation chromosome organization Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 10051 70099 Ensembl ENSG00000113810 ENSMUSG00000034349 UniProt Q9NTJ3 Q8CG47 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001002799 NM_001002800 NM_001288753 NM_005496 NM_133786 NM_001356976 RefSeq (protein) NP_001002800 NP_001275682 NP_005487 NP_598547 NP_001343905 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 160.4 – 160.43 Mb Chr 3: 68.91 – 68.94 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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The primary 5 domain structure of SMC proteins is highly conserved among species. The basic structure of SMC proteins are characterized by a non-helical hinge group, separated by two anti-parallel α-helical coiled-coil domains, along with two Amino-terminal globular domains containing ATP hydrolytic sites, or nucleotide-binding motifs located at the C-terminus and N-terminus called the Walker A and Walker B motifs.^[12]

In eukaryotes, dimerization is mediated by the self-folding of the non-helical hinge group on the SMC protein. Dimerization occurs at the non-helical hinge group of SMC-4, which then associates with the non-helical hinge group of SMC-2, creating a V-shaped heterodimeric structure. the holocomplex of condensin contains the SMC-4 and SMC-2 heterodimer subunits, along with 3 other non-SMC subunits, CAP-D2, CAP-G, and CAP-H.^[9]

In the condensin holocomplex, a protein subunit called kleisin joins the C-terminus and N-terminus ATPase end domains of both SMC-4 and SMC-2 proteins. when the condensin holocomplex is bound with ATP at these end domains, the condensin will assume a "closed" conformation state.^[8] SMC-4 is a dynamic and flexible protein, allowing different domain components to occasionally interact with others. This is speculated to be involved in the mechanical ability of the complex when associated with chromosomes.^[8] In budding yeast, these interactions may result in open "O" appearances, or collapsed B-shaped states as a result of its dynamic ability.^[13]

The SMC-4 protein is associated with abnormal cell and tumor growth, and involved with migration and invasion. In general, the presence of over-expressed SMC-4 proteins is thought to be correlated with carcinogenesis.^[10]

It is found that an over-expression or down-regulation of the SMC-4 protein alters TGFβ/Smad signaling pathways in glioma cells. SMC-4-transduced glioma cells showed activation of the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway which was not present in SMC-4 silenced glioma cells. This pathway was shown to be correlated with an "aggressive" behavioral phenotype in glioma cells. An over-expression of SMC-4 can induce a higher rate of proliferation, and ultimately increased invasive capability. A down-regulation of SMC-4 reduced this quality.^[10]

The SMC-4 protein is involved with normal lung development however, adenocarcinoma lung tissue shows an over-expression of SMC-4. additionally, SMC-4 may act as independent prognostic factor for carcinogenesis and lung adenocarcinoma.^[9]

Studies suggest that over-expression of the SMC-4 protein in human liver tissue may be correlated with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.^[11]