Pacific Mail Steamship Company operation

President Taft was allocated to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company in August 1922 to begin operation in September out of San Francisco.^[16] The USSB, citing "faulty construction," undertook refurbishment of twenty-three of the 535s including President Taft which was to have a boiler and engine overhaul at Moore Drydock Company, Oakland, California.^[17] The ship's interior decor, including furniture, draperies and upholstery was refurbished or replaced.^[18] Along with a number of other 535s the ship's refrigerated cargo space was increased by approximately 17,000 cubic feet (481.4 m³) to 21,000 cubic feet (594.7 m³).^[19] In addition to refurbishment President Taft was "fitted with the maximum of oriental steerage."^[19]

President Taft and four sister ships, President Cleveland, President Lincoln, President Pierce and President Wilson, began service from San Francisco to Honolulu, then Yokohama and Kobe, Japan, Shanghai and Hong Kong, China and Manila, Philippines with sailings every two weeks under the slogan "Sunshine Belt To The Orient".^[20][21] From 6 March to 8 July 1924 the ship was overhauled at the Mare Island Navy Yard at a cost of about $400,000.^[22] After reconditioning with Coen burners for the boilers the ship reduced fuel consumption on the San Francisco—Honolulu run from an average of about 5,000 barrels (794.9 m³) to 3,272 barrels (520.2 m³).^[23] In 1924, off the coast of Japan, President Taft rescued forty from the British tramp steamer Mary Harlock of which twenty reached safety in their own boat and another twenty, too weak to make that trip, were rescued by crew from the President Taft.^[24]

By January 1925 ten "President" liners were being operated by two companies as agents for USSB with five by the Admiral Oriental Line operating as the American Oriental Mail Line and the five, including President Taft, being operated by Pacific Mail under the name of California Orient Line.^[25]

Dollar Steamship Company & American President Lines ownership

By May the five Pacific Mail ships were being sold by the USSB to the Dollar Steamship Line for a total of $5,625,000 with each ship selling for $1,125,000.^[26][27] In a meeting following the sale of the five trans Pacific ships Pacific Mail Steamship Company stockholders voted to accept the offer of the W. R. Grace and Company for its remaining ships and goodwill.^[28] Dollar acquired all ten of the "President" liners operated by the two companies by mid 1926.^[8]

Dollar placed President Taft on its trans Pacific service and added Los Angeles to the ports visited on return voyages before arrival back at San Francisco in 1927.^[29] Captain M. C. Cochrane, 35, died aboard on 9 September 1927 after a sudden and short illness and was buried at sea by his request before the ship reached Seattle.^[30]

The Dollar Steamship Company, along with other Dollar companies and the ships were acquired by the United States Maritime Commission in an Adjustment Agreement on 15 August 1938 in which stock in the line was transferred to release $7,500,000 of the line's debt.^[31] President Taft was among those transferred to the new American President Lines in which the commission had invested $4,500,000.^[31]

The new line would restore the Dollar line's "Round the World" service with refurbished ships meeting new safety regulations with President Taft getting approximately $75,000 of below water line work and $100,000 for other work that included refurbishing crew quarters and boiler work.^[32] President Taft was assigned to the New York-Pacific Coast-Asiatic service.^[33]

Pensacola Convoy

Holbrook embarked the 147th Field Artillery Regiment and 148th Field Artillery Regiment, less one of its battalions, for a total of 2,000 troops at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation and departed 22 November 1941 escorted by the heavy cruiser USS Pensacola for Hawaii due to arrive in the Philippines 4 January 1942.^{[37][note 2]} On 30 November the transport left Honolulu for her third Army trip to Manila joining an enlarged convoy still escorted by the Pensacola, officially designated Task Group 15.5, but known commonly as the Pensacola Convoy.^{[35][38][39][note 3]} The convoy departing Hawaii consisted of four transports and three freighters with the escort augmented by the sub-chaser USS Niagara:^[40]

Transports:

• USAT Holbrook transporting troops
• USS Republic transporting troops
• USS Chaumont transporting aircraft, munitions and general supplies
• USAT Meigs transporting aircraft, munitions and general supplies

Freighters:

• Admiral Halstead general cargo, some peacetime commercial goods
• Bloemfontein Dutch flag with passengers and cargo, some destined for Java and China
• Coast Farmer general cargo, some peacetime commercial goods

The convoy was taking a southern route, avoiding the Japanese Mandated Islands in the central Pacific, due to approach the Philippines via Port Moresby, New Guinea.^[40] The convoy crossed the Equator on 6 December, holding the largest Army Shellback initiation to that time, and got news of the Pearl Harbor attack at 1100, 7 December, convoy time.^[40] The convoy improvised defenses, including painting the ships gray while underway, with reports of Japanese activity in the Ellice Islands only some 300 miles away and the Navy ordered a stop at Suva, Fiji Islands while the convoy's destination was reconsidered.^[40] At Suva additional weapons were extracted from ship's cargo with Holbrook's Army Ordnance men finding their 75-mm ammunition and improvising sights and mounts for use of their artillery as deck guns.^[41] They also improvised pipe mounts for .50-caliber aircraft guns found in cargo for use as defense.^[42]

Meanwhile, the convoy's fate was under discussion at the highest levels with an initial decision by the Army and Navy to bring the convoy back to reinforce Hawaii questioned by President Roosevelt with the result the convoy was ordered to proceed to Brisbane, Australia on 12 December arriving safely on 22 December.^[38] Resupply of the Philippines was still being considered and the two fastest transports of the convoy, Holbrook and Bloemfontein were selected to attempt the run to the Philippines.^[43] However; almost all cargoes had to be unloaded and redistributed, including troops had their organic weapons and supplies and then reloaded.^[43] Holbook was reloaded with the two field artillery units.^[44][45] Chaumont was again carrying naval supplies.^[43] There was initial difficulty with Bloemfontein as the master noted the ship's obligation was completed with discharge of cargo in Australia but the Netherlands government arranged for the ship to continue as far as Soerabaja, Java with the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery and 1st Battalion of the 131st Field Artillery.^[43] The ships assigned the task of taking the convoy's redistributed cargoes, including assembled aircraft, north on 28 December.^[45][46] Japanese advances in the Netherlands Indies isolated the Philippines and pushed the defending forces into Bataan and plans were changed.^[46][47] Holbrook was ordered to put into Darwin, being built up as an advanced air base and port, where on arrival 5 January 1942 the troops debarked and supplies were unloaded.^{[46][47][note 4]}

Remainder of wartime service

The Army command arriving with the Pensacola Convoy formed the core of what became the Southwest Pacific Area command (SWPA), initially as United States Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA), with that command quickly requisitioning ships that included those from the convoy for local Army fleet service.^{[48][note 5]} The commanding general, USAFIA, notified superiors he was retaining Holbrook in Australia along with a number of other large vessels.^[49] The ship was temporarily retained until other suitable shipping, particularly acquisition of twenty-one Dutch vessels, allowed release of several of the large ships, including Holbrook which did not become a part of the Army's permanent SWPA fleet.^[50]

Holbrook was operating between Brisbane, Melbourne and Fremantle in February thus escaping the air attack on Darwin 19 February 1942 that sunk convoy mates Meigs and Admiral Halstead.^[35][47] The ship departed Fremantle on 22 February in convoy MS.5 escorted by USS Phoenix that was bound for Colombo, Ceylon with troops and supplies eventually destined for India and Burma.^[51] The convoy comprised Holbrook, the Australian transports Katoomba and Duntroon with two ships attempting to deliver fighters to Java—MS Sea Witch, carrying twenty-seven crated P-40 fighters, and USS Langley with assembled fighters.^[51][52] Sea Witch and Langley broke from the convoy in an unsuccessful attempt, during which Langley was sunk, to deliver the aircraft to Java during the Japanese invasion.^[53] Phoenix was relieved as escort by HMS Enterprise and the convoy safely made port.^[54]

Holbrook and Duntroon were to return to Australia in convoy SU-4 under escort by HMS Cornwall; however, a Japanese fleet was sighted and Cornwall was ordered to join Admiral Sir James Somerville's fleet.^[55] Instead the convoy left Bombay on 4 April and arrived at Colombo, Ceylon on 8 April 1942 during which time the Japanese attack on Ceylon known as the Easter Sunday Raid had taken place and Cornwall had been sunk at sea.^[55][56] The convoy onward to Australia, now composed of Holbrook, Félix Roussel and Duntroon escorted by the armed merchant cruiser HMS Chitral, now had to pass through dangerous waters in which Japanese fleets might be operating; submarines were being sighted in Australian waters and the German auxiliary cruiser Thor was in the area.^[57] During the voyage Félix Roussel had picked up the distress signal of Nankin reporting a raider and aircraft, then "abandoning ship" with silence thereafter.^{[58][note 6]} The convoy arrived safely at Fremantle on 14 May 1942.^[58]

In June 1942, with stops at Adelaide, Sydney and Wellington, the ship returned to Los Angeles and then San Francisco.^[35] In San Francisco Holbrook underwent repairs lasting until November 1942 after which the ship returned to the South Pacific.^[35] The ship's next voyage was to Hawaii, Nouméa, Fiji, Guadalcanal (where the Guadalcanal Campaign was in its final stages) and then Efate before returning to the United States in February 1943.^[35] After three trips to Australia in 1943 with return to San Francisco for major repairs in January 1944 before returning to the South Pacific for stops at Guadalcanal and Auckland. Departing from Seattle in April 1944 the ship transited by way of Honolulu and Funafuti to the Southwest Pacific theater supporting transport operations at Townsville, Australia and Finschhafen, Milne Bay, and Hollandia, New Guinea with a return to the United States in November before once more heading to the Southwest Pacific.^{[35][note 7]}

Holbrook was selected for conversion to become the hospital ship tentatively named Armin W. Leuschner and transited to Mobile, Alabama arriving in March 1945 at the Alabama Drydock Company.^[35] The end of the war resulted in that conversion being halted August 1945 and the ship being completed as a troopship in January 1946, with the name Willard A. Holbrook restored.^[35][59] On arrival at New York another conversion to a transport suitable for carrying 763 dependents at Todd Shipbuilding Company.^[35] Holbrook began voyages to Europe for that purpose in March 1946.^[35]