Super_Outbreak_(disambiguation)

List of tornado outbreaks by outbreak intensity score

List of tornado outbreaks by outbreak intensity score

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In late 2023, American meteorologist and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the outbreak intensity score (OIS) as a way to rank tornado outbreaks.[1][2] For the score, only significant tornadoes are counted: F2/EF2 tornadoes receive 2 points each, F3/EF3 tornadoes receive 5 points each, F4/EF4 tornadoes receive 10 points each, and F5/EF5 tornadoes receive 15 points each.[1] The number of total points determine the rating for the outbreak, which is broken up into seven categories.[1]

More information Type of outbreak, Weak ...

List

Super outbreaks

There have been two tornado outbreaks which scored more than 250 points on the OIS, reaching the status of "super outbreak".[1]

More information Outbreak, OIS score ...

Historic outbreaks

There have been 24 tornado outbreaks which scored at least 120 points, but less than 249 on the OIS, reaching the status of "historic outbreak".[1]

More information Outbreak, OIS score ...

Devastating outbreaks

There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 80 points, but 119 or less on the OIS, reaching the status of "devastating outbreak".[1]

More information Outbreak, OIS score ...

Major outbreaks

There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 30 points, but 79 or less on the OIS, reaching the status of "major outbreak".[1]

More information Outbreak, OIS score ...

See also


References

  1. Grazulis, Thomas P. (2023). Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project. ISBN 978-1-879362-01-7.
  2. Grazulis, Thomas (29 August 2023). "The Outbreaks Section". Tornado Project. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  3. Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes, 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  4. Schneider, Russell S.; Schaefer, Joseph T.; Brooks, Harold E. (2004). "Tornado outbreak days: An updated and expanded climatology (1875-2003)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Publications. 1 (1). The Storm Prediction Center and the National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  5. Additional references for the 1974 Super Outbreak:
  6. Knox, John A.; Rackley, Jared A.; Black, Alan W.; Gensini, Vittorio A.; Butler, Michael; Dunn, Corey; Gallo, Taylor; Hunter, Melyssa R.; Lindsey, Lauren; Phan, Minh; Scroggs, Robert; Brustad, Synne (September 2013). "Tornado Debris Characteristics And Trajectories During The 27 April 2011 Super Outbreak As Determined Using Social Media Data". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (9). American Meteorological Society: 1371–1380. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1371K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00036.1. ISSN 1520-0477. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  7. Additional references for the 2011 Super Outbreak:
  8. Hamill, Thomas M.; Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Forbes, Gregory S.; Bluestein, Howard B.; Steinberg, Michael; Meléndez, Daniel; Dole, Randall M. (April 2005). "The May 2003 Extended Tornado Outbreak". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 86 (4). American Meteorological Society: 531–542. Bibcode:2005BAMS...86..531H. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-4-531. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  9. Belles, Jonathan; Wiltgen, Nick (28 April 2018). "5 May Tornado Outbreaks That Had The Biggest Impacts" (News article). Atlanta, United States: The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  10. Tungesvick, Kevin; Pytlak, Erik (December 1993). "A case study of the 22 November 1992 Ohio Valley tornado outbreak". Eastern Region Technical Attachment (National Weather Service (U.S.)). 93 (12B). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  11. Frosig, Greg (1994). "16 June 1992 Chandler Tornado and Subsequent Derecho Development". St. Cloud State University Publications.
  12. "Super Outbreak - March 21, 1932". 1932 Super Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  13. "Southeast U.S. Severe Thunderstorm Climatology and 1932 Tornado Outbreak - ProQuest". The University of Memphis ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. December 2019. ProQuest 2377258693. Retrieved 29 March 2024 via ProQuest.
  14. Ostby, Frederick P.; Pearson, Allen D. (February 1974). "The Tornado Season of 1973". Weatherwise. 27 (1). National Severe Storms Forecast Center via Taylor & Francis: 4–9. Bibcode:1974Weawi..27a...4O. doi:10.1080/00431672.1974.9931674. ISSN 0043-1672. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  15. National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak - May 27-28, 2019". Wilmington, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  16. Simmons, Kevin M.; Sutter, Daniel (2012). Deadly season: analysis of the 2011 tornado outbreaks. Boston, Mass: American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-25-7.
  17. Beebe, Robert (1 February 1961). "Tornadoes During 1960". Weatherwise. 14 (1). Midwest Weather Service via Taylor & Francis: 16–29. Bibcode:1961Weawi..14a..16B. doi:10.1080/00431672.1961.9933184. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  18. National Weather Service. "Enigma Tornado Outbreak of February 19, 1884". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  19. National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 12, 2020". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  20. South Carolina State Climatology Office (20 April 2020). "South Carolina Tornado Outbreak 4/13/2020" (PDF). Columbia, South Carolina: Government of South Carolina. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  21. Hill, Nick (11 April 2022). "Remembering the 2020 Easter Tornado Outbreak". WDEF. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  22. Fujita, Ted, ed. (April 1982). "Red River Region of the April 2, 1982 Tornado Outbreak". Outstanding Storms of the Month. Storm Data. 24 (4). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center.
  23. "The May 22nd, 2004 Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service Hastings, Nebraska. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Dept of Commerce. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  24. National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak March 12, 2006" (Historiography). Pleasant Hill, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  25. "Top Ten Deadliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1882-Present)". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  26. National Weather Service office in Tulsa, Oklahoma (26 April 2021). "The April 12, 1945 Tornado Outbreak". ArcGIS. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  27. National Weather Service (2022). "The Violent Tornado Outbreak of December 10-11, 2021". Paducah, Kentucky: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  28. National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - The Tornado Outbreak of January 21-22, 1999". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  29. National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - Tornado Outbreak (March 1, 1997)". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  30. "At least 7 people killed in Brazil storms - CNN.com". CNN. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  31. National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 2, 2006" (Historiography). Memphis, Tennessee: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  32. National Weather Service. "NOVEMBER 23 2004 TORNADO OUTBREAK". Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  33. National Weather Service. "Severe Weather Outbreak - November 23-24, 2004". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  34. Daniel McCarthy; Joseph Schaefer. 2004 year in tornadoes: What a year it was! (PDF) (Report). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  35. Andrew I. Watson; Michael A. Jamski; T.J. Turnage; Joshua R. Bowen; Jason C. Kelley (2005). "The Tornado Outbreak across the North Florida Panhandle in association with Hurricane Ivan" (PDF). National Weather Service office in Tallahassee, Florida. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  36. F. C. Pate (United States Weather Bureau) (October 1946). "The Tornado at Montgomery, Alabama, February 12, 1945". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 27 (8). American Meteorological Society: 462–464. JSTOR 26257954. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  37. "Ивановский смерч 9 июня 1984 года: торнадо по-советски" (in Russian). Русская семерка. 2017-01-31. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  38. National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak September 22nd, 2006" (PDF). St. Louis, Missouri, United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  39. National Weather Service. "Tornado and Severe Weather - September 22nd, 2006". Springfield, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

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