Conservatism

The Taegeukgi protests have been remarked as the first massive political assembly by the conservative camp after the democratization of South Korea.^[18]

Taegeukgi crowds do not support Park's policy or political vision.^[19]

In the 2012 South Korean presidential election, Park won with a majority 51.55% of votes.^[19] Park's party, the Liberty Korea Party, had leaned toward the conservative end of the political spectrum so this attracted many conservative voters. However, when Park's change in political corruption was uncovered, 85% of Korean citizens agreed to impeach her from the presidency.^[19] In addition to this, a large number of conservatives joined the pro-impeachment rallies for a long period of time, which proved that not only the liberals, but also a majority of conservative supporters of Park turned against her.^[19]

Academic Chae jangsoo analyzes that Park is considered among Taegeukgi protestors as a projection of the past that is positively perceived by the Taegeukgi protestors themselves.^[18] Most of the key participants of the rallies were the generation that played a key role during the time of industrialization and high economic development of South Korea under the former dictator Park Chung Hee.^[18]

Taegeukgi and other flags

From demonstrations against Japanese imperial rule to the democratization movement in 1987, waving Taegeukgi elicited patriotism and strong resistance to unjust persecution.^[15] However, as Taegeukgi protestors began to vehemently swing Taegeukgi, it is more and more becoming a symbol for the extreme right-wing activism.^[15]

In the 1970s, Park Chung Hee, a former dictator of South Korea as well as the father of Park Geun-hye, gained a number of advocates through modernization of South Korea.^[19] When Jung-hee took power through a military coup, he used Taegeukgi to legitimize his dictatorship and to a right-wing ideology.^[19][15] Chung-hee treated all the other dissenting voices of his policy as pro-communism and that were to be eradicated in the political arena.^[15] One thing Chung-hee actively propagated was “the Reds” (빨갱이) which refers to an expression of hatred toward North Korean communism.^[19] Chung-hee also exploited this notion to oppress any political critiques.^[19]

The flags of the United States or pro-Trump slogans were also rampant during the rallies. This is because Taegeukgi crowds have faith that the US's military intervention prevented communism to override the South during the Korean War.^[15] The US flags therefore symbolize more than an ally of South Korea. To Taegeukgi protestors, the US is expected to be hawk-eyed against left-wing forces and any other pro-North Korea sympathizers.^[15]

Number of protestors

On March 1st Movement Day, the Taegeukgi rallies were held. The main organizer of Taegeukgi protests, National Rebellion Movement Headquarters to Dismiss Presidential Impeachment (대통령탄핵기각을위한국민총궐기운동본부; in short 탄기국), reported the 15th anti-impeachment demonstration participation was over 5,000,000. This estimate had been criticized to be absurd because Seoul's population is 9,904,312 (2015), Busan has population of around 3,500,000, Denmark has population of 5,600,000, and Norway has a population of 5,200,000.^[20]

The issue of estimating participants emerged on January 13, when the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency announced not to release estimated number of participants. The police had released an estimated number of participants, but as protests with conflicting interests are held simultaneously and the participation numbers have had aroused confusion, police publicly reported not to count the numbers.^[21]

Police operated a security force for safety and prevention of unexpected collisions at the protest site. The purpose of counting the number was an essential part to approximate numbers of tactical units to be dispatched. Police used the Fermi method. The Fermi method is estimating the number of people per area with an assumption that 5–6 people can fit in 3.3 square meters (1 plung). As such, the police estimate the number of people according to their internal needs, so strictly speaking, it is not the 'official announcement' of the estimated number of people. The size of the gathering is often a public concern, so the media has only made its own estimates available to the public.^[21]

Paid participants

The broadcasting network JTBC, based on the testimony of participants and leaders of pro-Park groups, reported on January 26 that pro-Park Taegeukgi crowds were paying people to attend rallies so as to inflate the number of participants. General members of the Korea Parent Federation (Korean: 대한민국 어버이연합) could receive KR₩20,000 (US$18), and the pay was sometimes raised to ₩60,000 ($53). Some people in financial difficulties, including the homeless, could be paid ₩50,000 ($44) if they took a shower and tidied their appearance. Any young women with babies could receive ₩150,000 ($133).^[22]