Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone
Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone
Chemical compound
Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone is an organic compound with the formula (C6H5)4C4CO. It is a dark purple to black crystalline solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is an easily made building block for many organic and organometallic compounds.
Perspective view, showing the canted phenyl rings[1] | |
| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-one | |
| Other names
Tetracyclone, TPCPD, Cyclone | |
| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol) |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.847  |
PubChem CID |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties | |
| C29H20O | |
| Molar mass | 384.478 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | black solid |
| Melting point | 219 to 220 °C (426 to 428 °F; 492 to 493 K)[2] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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The C5O core of the molecule is planar and conjugated, but the bonds have a definite alternating single- and double-bond nature. The C2–C3 and C4–C5 distances are 1.35 Å, while the C1–C2, C3–C4, C5–C1 are closer to single bonds with distances near 1.50 Å.[1] The phenyl groups of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone adopt a "propeller" shape in its 3D conformation. The four phenyl rings are rotated out of the plane of the central ring because of steric repulsion with each other.[3]
Unlike the parent compound cyclopentadienone, which rapidly dimerizes,[4] the tetraphenyl derivative is stable.
Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone can be synthesized by a double aldol condensation involving benzil and dibenzyl ketone in the presence of a basic catalyst.[2][5]
The central ring can act as a diene in Diels–Alder reactions with various dienophiles. For example, reaction with benzyne leads to 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene and reaction with diphenylacetylene leads to hexaphenylbenzene.[5] In this way, it is a precursor to graphene-like molecules,[6] such as coronene.
Similarly, pentaphenylpyridine derivatives may be prepared via a Diels–Alder reaction between tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and benzonitrile.[7]
Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone can provide an effective alternative to DDQ in aromatization of parts of porphyrin structures:[8]
Ligand in organometallic chemistry
Tetraarylcyclopentadienones are a well studied class of ligands in organometallic chemistry. The Shvo catalyst, useful for certain hydrogenations, is derived from tetraphenylcyclopentadienone.[9]
- J. C. Barnes; W. M. Horspool; F. I. Mackie (1991). "2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-one and 5,6,7,8-tetrachloro-3a,9a-dihydro-2,3,3a,9a-tetraphenylcyclopenta[2,3-b][1,4]benzodioxin-1-one–toluene (2/1): Compounds of photochemical interest". Acta Crystallogr. C. 47 (1): 164–168. Bibcode:1991AcCrC..47..164B. doi:10.1107/S0108270190005145.
- John R. Johnson, J. R.; Grummitt, O. (1943). "Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone". Organic Syntheses. 23: 92
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 805. - Sheley, C. F.; Shechter, H. (1970). "Cyclopentadienones from 1,2,4-cyclopentanetriones, 2-cyclopentene-1,4-diones, and 3-cyclopentene-1,2-diones". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 35 (7): 2367–2374. doi:10.1021/jo00832a058.
- Ogliaruso, Michael A.; Romanelli, Michael G.; Becker, Ernest I. (1965). "Chemistry of Cyclopentadienones". Chemical Reviews. 65 (3): 261–367. doi:10.1021/cr60235a001.
- Fieser, L. F. (1966). "Hexaphenylbenzene". Organic Syntheses. 46: 44; Collected Volumes, vol. 5, p. 604.
- Feng, Xinliang; Pisula, Wojciech; Müllen, Klaus (31 January 2009). "Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Synthesis and discotic organization". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (12): 2203–2224. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-07-07. S2CID 98098882.
- Hawkins, P. J.; Janz, J. G. (1949). "315. The reaction of cyanogen and related nitriles with 1 : 3-dienes. Part I. Thermodynamic considerations, and a study of the uncatalysed reaction of cyanogen and related nitriles with 1 : 3-butadiene". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1479–148. doi:10.1039/JR9490001479.
- M.A. Filatov; A.Y. Lebedev; S.A. Vinogradov; A.V. Cheprakov (2008). "Synthesis of 5,15-Diaryltetrabenzoporphyrins". J. Org. Chem. 73 (11): 4175–4185. doi:10.1021/jo800509k. PMC 2491715. PMID 18452337.
- Quintard, Adrien; Rodriguez, Jean (14 April 2014). "Iron Cyclopentadienone Complexes: Discovery, Properties, and Catalytic Reactivity". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (16): 4044–4055. doi:10.1002/anie.201310788. PMID 24644277.