Tucano_languages

Tucanoan languages

Tucanoan languages

Language family of South America

Not to be confused with Tacanan languages.

Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Quick Facts Tukánoan, Geographic distribution ...

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.[1]

Classification

Chacon (2014)

There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.[3]

  • Tucanoan
    • Western Tucanoan
      •  ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
      • Napo
        • Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
        • Correguaje–Secoya
          • Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
          • Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
            •  ?Macaguaje (a.k.a. Kakawahe, Piohé) †
            • Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
            • Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
            •  ?Tama †
    • Eastern Tucanoan
      • South
      • West
        • Barasana–Macuna
          • Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
          • Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
        • Cubeo–Desano
      • East
        • Central
        • North
          • Kotiria–Piratapuyo
            • Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
            • Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
          • Pisamira–Yuruti

Plus unclassified Miriti.†

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]

(† = extinct)

Varieties

Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]

Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
Western group
  • Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct.
  • Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
  • Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru.
  • Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
  • Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
  • Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
  • Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.)
  • Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
  • Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families.
  • Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
  • Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto.
  • Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru.
Yahuna group
  • Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia.
  • Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia.
  • Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River.
  • Menimehe - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.)
Yupua group
  • Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia.
  • Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
  • Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.
Coretu group
  • Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
Cubeo group
  • Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are:
    • Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas.
    • Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River.
    • Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River.
    • Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
Särä group
  • Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
  • Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
  • Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
  • Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia.
Erulia group
  • Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
  • Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River.
  • Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River.
Desána group
  • Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil.
  • Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia.
Tucano group
  • Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil.
  • Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia.
  • Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia.
  • Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.)
  • Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia.
  • Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia.
  • Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
  • Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia.
  • Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia.
  • Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia.
  • Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia.
  • Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia.
  • Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia.
  • Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]

More information Language, Branch ...
More information Language, Branch ...

Proto-language

Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):[5]

More information gloss, proto-Tukanoan ...

References

  1. [1]
    Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  2. [2]
    Chacon, Thiago (2014). "A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics. 80 (3): 275–322. doi:10.1086/676393. S2CID 147252620.
  3. [3]
    Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
  4. [4]
    Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  5. [5]
    Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
  6. [6]
    Aracus. amazonwaters.org

Bibliography

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Tucano_languages, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.