Typhoon Eli, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Konsing,[1] struck the Philippines and Hainan during mid-July1992. A weak low pressure system developed in the Philippine Sea on July7, which became a tropical depression on the next day. The depression tracked west-northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on July10. After turning more westward, Eli steadily intensified, and obtained typhoon intensity that evening. The storm attained its highest intensity of 130km/h (80mph) early on July11 before striking northern Luzon. After entering the South China Sea, the storm maintained most of its intensity as it approached Hainan, although agencies disagree on how precisely strong it was. After passing through Hainan late on July13, Eli passed through the Gulf of Tonkin on the next day before striking Vietnam, where Eli quickly dissipated.
Heavy rains associated with Typhoon Eli deluged Luzon and resulted in mudslides surrounding Mount Pinatubo, which had erupted a year prior. Offshore, 10 ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19rescues, and initial reports of 25 missing fishermen. Monetary damage was estimated at US$862,000 (₱22million).[nb 1][nb 2] Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027families were evacuated from their homes. Throughout the country, four people were killed. Across Hong Kong, 23people were injured. Farther south, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan, though there were no deaths and only one serious injury. Around 670 hectares (1,700 acres) of shrimp farms were flooded. High winds damaged 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of pepper trees and 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of coconut trees. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272million (¥1.5billion).[nb 3]
Meteorological history
Following the recurvature of Tropical Depression Deanna on July2, 1992, ridging temporarily replaced the monsoon trough across the Philippine Islands and the Philippine Sea. This prompted weak winds out of the southwest to persist at low latitudes, which eventually spawned a weak low pressure area that was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) on the morning of July7.[2] On the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) first classified the system as a tropical depression.[3][nb 4] After tracking to the south of Guam, the disturbance accelerated west-northwest and increased in organization,[2] prompting JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 11:02UTC on July9. An increase in convective coverage then led the JTWC to declare the system a tropical depression seven hours later.[2][5] The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm at 00:00UTC on July10 by both the JMA and JTWC as Eli's convective buildup continued.[6][nb 5]
The intensification trend persisted as the storm tracked more westward;[5] the JMA declared Eli a severe tropical storm at 06:00UTC the same day.[3] Twelve hours later, the JTWC estimated at Eli attained typhoon intensity.[6] At 00:00UTC on July11, the JMA upgraded Eli into a typhoon,[3] with the JTWC and JMA also analyzing a peak intensity of 135 and 130km/h (85 and 80mph) respectively at the same time.[6] Shortly thereafter, the typhoon made landfall on northern Luzon. After entering the South China Sea,[2] the typhoon tracked west[5] as its forward motion slowed in response to Eli nearing the western end of a subtropical ridge.[2] Now tracking west-northwest,[5] data from the JTWC suggested that Eli maintained minimal typhoon intensity until it moved through Hainan on the night of July13,[2] though data from the JMA indicated that Eli was a weakening tropical storm during this time.[3] The JTWC downgraded Eli into a tropical storm while the system moved west-northwestward across the Gulf of Tonkin.[2] Eli made landfall late on July13 about 160km (100mi) east of Hanoi,[5] with the JMA estimating winds of 80km/h (50mph).[3] Eli dissipated over northern Vietnam on July 14.[2]
Impact
The precursor disturbance to Eli dropped .5in (13mm) of rain to Guam but there was no damage.[2] Due to the impending threat of Eli, authorities raised typhoon alerts over wide areas of the southern Bicol region and across Luzon. Sixty buses in six town were set up in order to evacuate residents from vulnerable locations.[8][9] Officials evacuated 1,600people from their homes in three central Luzon towns to escape avalanches of debris from Mount Pinatubo.[2]
Torrential rains associated with Typhoon Eli alleviated drought conditions[10] but also resulted in mudslides in the Mount Pinatubo area of Luzon, where there were reports of three deaths,[2] including a 72-year-old man who died of a heart attack while being evacuated in Minalin.[11] Offshore, 10ships sunk, resulting in a fatality, 19rescues,[12] and initial reports of 25missing fishermen.[13] Monetary damage was estimated at US$862,000 (₱22million), with around half from crops, and half from infrastructure.[14] Fifteen homes were damaged and five were destroyed. A total of 1,027families were evacuated from their homes.[1] Throughout the country, four people were killed.[12]
The typhoon posed enough of a threat to Hong Kong to warrant a No 1. hurricane signal on July11, and this signal was upgraded to a No. 3 a day later before Eli moved away. The outer rainbands brought heavy rains, peaking at 55mm (2.2in) in Yuen Long, and strong winds to the area, with a gust of at 137km/h (85mph) occurring at Kai Tak Airport while Tai Mo Shan recorded a peak sustained wind of 76km/h (47mph). In Hong Kong one worker was injured when he was working on a boat in rough seas off Tsing Yi. Twenty-two passengers were hurt, including fourteen in Tuen Mun. Ferry services to China and Macau from Hong Kong were cancelled or suspended. Elsewhere, Eli caused widespread damage in northern Hainan,[5] though there were no deaths. A farmer broke his legs in Wenchang due to a fallen coconut tree. Around 670ha (1,655 acres) of shrimp farms were submerged. Strong winds damaged 1,000ha (2,470 acres) of pepper trees and 800ha (2,000 acres) of coconut trees.[15] According to news reports, some houses collapsed and electricity cables were damaged while fish ponds were inundated. Total economic loss in Hainan was estimated at US$272million (¥1.5billion).[5]
Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.[7]
Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003 (Report). National Disaster Coordinating Council. November 9, 2004. Archived from the original on November 12, 2004. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1993). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1992(PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p.54. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1992 Typhoon ELI (1992188N07156). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
Newman, Steve (July 18, 1992). "Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet For the week ending 17 July, 1992". Toronto Star. p.K2. –viaLexis Nexis (subscription required)
Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003 (Report). National Disaster Coordinating Council. November 9, 2004. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
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