The Memorial features a ten-foot (3m) bronze replica from photographs, of the Goddess of Democracy, erected by students during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.[4] The monument's design and the statue are works of sculptor Thomas Marsh.[5] He led a project in 1994, to re-create the Goddess of Democracy in Chinatown, San Francisco.[6][7] The inscription reads: (front) "To the more than one hundred million victims of communism and to those who love liberty", and (rear) "To the freedom and independence of all captive nations and peoples"[4]
Background
A bill, H.R. 3000, sponsored by RepresentativesDana Rohrabacher and Tom Lantos and SenatorsClaiborne Pell and Jesse Helms, to authorize the memorial passed unanimously on December 17, 1993 and was signed into law by President Bill Clinton, becoming Public Law 103-199 Section 905. It was backed by prominent conservatives including Lev E. Dobriansky, Grover Norquist, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Lee Edwards.[8] Because of delays in establishing the memorial, the authorization was subsequently extended through Section 326 of Public Law 105–277, approved October 21, 1998, until December 17, 2007. The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation had the duty of funding and directing the first stages of planning the memorial.
In November 2005, the National Capital Planning Commission gave approval to the monument's design. After raising over US$825,000 for construction and maintenance costs, the groundbreaking ceremony was held September 27, 2006.[9]
President Bush also said, "We'll never know the names of all who perished, but at this sacred place, communism's unknown victims will be consecrated to history and remembered forever. We dedicate this memorial because we have an obligation to those who died, to acknowledge their lives and honor their memory."[11] Bush equated communism to the threat of terrorism then facing the U.S.: "Like the Communists, the terrorists and radicals who have attacked our nation are followers of a murderous ideology that despises freedom, crushes all dissent, has expansionist ambitions and pursues totalitarian aims."[12]
On the first anniversary, there was another ceremony by the International Committee for Crimea.[13] On June 9, 2011, a second commemoration ceremony was held with representatives of ethnic and religious groups who suffered under communist regimes.[14]
Criticism
Andrei Tsygankov of San Francisco State University criticized the statue as an expression of the anti-Russia lobby in Washington. He depicted it as a revival of Cold War symbolism.[15] Russian politician Gennady Zyuganov, leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, also criticized the memorial, attacking the U.S. and referencing "the blood of civilians in Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Serbs in Kosovo, Guantanamo Bay, as well as CIA prisons in Eastern Europe [that] are part of the black list of crimes of the globalists."[16]
The statue drew criticism from the Chinese embassy in Washington because the memorial evokes the Tiananmen Square protests.[17] A Chinese foreign ministry speaker accused the US of pushing a "Cold War" thought and meddling in China's internal affairs, and issued a formal protest.[18] The embassy called its construction an "attempt to defame China." The chairman of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, Lee Edwards, said he was not aware of any official complaint.[17]