The year 1523 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

• Pietro Aron publishes Thoscanello de la musica in Venice, including the first description of quarter-comma meantone.
• Anthony Fitzherbert publishes The Boke of Surveyinge and Improvements and The Boke of Husbandrie (the first work on agriculture published in England).
• Thomas Linacre publishes his translation of Galen's De naturalibus facultatibus in London.
• Maximilianus Transylvanus publishes De Moluccis Insulis, the first account of the Magellan circumnavigation.

• Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist and physician (died 1562)