Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1906.

• Christiana Herringham begins copying the Ajanta Caves paintings.

• Hugo Winckler begins excavations at Hattusa near Boğazköy in Turkey for the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft with Theodore Makridi which identify it as the royal capital of the Hittites (continue to 1911).
• Richard MacGillivray Dawkins begins excavations at the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta (continue to 1910).^[1]
• T. May begins excavations of the Principia of the Roman fort at Bremetennacum (Ribchester), Lancashire, England (continue to 1907).
• Excavations at Lisht are resumed by the Egyptian Expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (continue for 14 seasons to 1934).
• Approximate date – Antonios Keramopoulos begins systematic excavations of Mycenaean Thebes, Greece, starting at the Kolonaki hill (continue to 1921).^[2]

• Mummy of Senebtisi at Lisht in Egypt.
• The Sounion Kouros at Cape Sounion in Greece.

• "Note sur une statuette mexicaine en wernerite représentant la déesse Ixcuina" by Ernest-Théodore Hamy in the Journal de la Société des Américanistes about the Dumbarton Oaks birthing figure.^[3]

• 8 June – Antiquities Act is passed by the United States Congress^[4]
• 29 June – Mesa Verde, an Ancestral Puebloan site, is made a United States National Park
• September – A military balloon is flown over Stonehenge carrying out the first aerial photography in archaeology.^[5]

• 5 January – Kathleen Kenyon, English archaeologist of the Neolithic Fertile Crescent and college principal (d. 1978).
• 12 January – Eric Birley, British archaeologist associated with the excavations of forts on Hadrian's Wall (d. 1995).^[6]
• 27 January – Alberto Ruz Lhuillier, Mexican archaeologist (d. 1979).
• 26 June – Joan du Plat Taylor, British maritime archaeologist (d. 1983).