Social Credit campaign

The Social Credit government had prepared well for the election in advance, with the party maintaining a significant war chest.^[4] The Social Credit government came under criticism for low non-renewable resource royalty rates compared to other developed nations, which it counted by saying the royalties were the highest in Canada.^[4] Social Credit focused on their governance record rather than make significant policy commitments, although the Social Credit government did commit to study rising car insurance rates.^[4] Furthermore the Social Credit government argued they spent the most per capita on social issues despite having the lowest tax rate.^[4]

An internal controversy occurred when Albert Bourcier, a Social Credit MLA from 1935 to 1952 filed papers to contest the Edmonton-Jasper Place constituency against incumbent Social Credit MLA John Horan. Bourcier was still an active member of the Social Credit Party, but was ejected from the party prior to the election. It was the second time Bourcier was ejected from the party, the first being in 1949 as a sitting MLA.^[5] Horan was re-elected with 36.3 per cent of the vote, while Bourcier received 1.5 per cent of the vote.^[6]

New Democratic Party campaign

The New Democratic Party (NDP) built a campaign on the foundation of higher oil royalties, greater participation by small businesses in oil and gas resources, transition electricity utilities to provincial ownership, provide for provincial car insurance, and development of rural natural gas infrastructure.^[4]

Progressive Conservative campaign

New leader Peter Lougheed and his supporters worked tirelessly to convince candidates to run in all 65 constituencies, however the Progressive Conservatives were only able to nominate 47 candidates,^[7] two more than the Liberal Party, but less than a full slate put forward by the Social Credit Party and the New Democratic Party. Lougheed sought candidates who were already public figures, often meeting with editors of local weekly newspapers, mayors and presidents of boards of trade to inquire who the community's leaders were.^[8] As the writ came closer Lougheed and the Progressive Conservative realized they could not form government and instead focused on a strategy of capturing Lougheed's seat in Calgary-West and forming opposition.^[7][9] The campaign created red, white and blue promotional materials with the slogan "Alberta Needs an Alternative", while Lougheed's own material added his personal slogan "Let's Start It in Calgary West".^[9]

Lougheed sought a public debate amongst the four party leaders, however as a long time incumbent Manning was not willing to risk a debate which could not benefit him.^[10] Manning's position on the debate changed when a group of Edmonton church leaders decided to host a leaders debate, Manning a devout Christian and host of "Back to the Bible Hour" radio broadcasts accepted the debate.^[10][11] Lougheed's performance in the debate was lauded by the Edmonton Journal and was credited by biographer George Wood with the growth in the Conservative movement in the Edmonton area, including Don Getty's improbable victory over Social Credit Education Minister Randolph McKinnon in Strathcona West.^[12] Other media began to take notice with Maclean's stating the only politician capable of having "an outside chance of challenging Manning" was Lougheed.^[13]

During the campaign, the Progressive Conservatives called for the sale of Alberta Government Telephones.^[4]

Lougheed was subsequently elected to the legislature in Calgary-West capturing 62 per cent of the vote, and the Progressive Conservatives captured 26 per cent of the vote province-wide with five other successful candidates,^[14] and subsequently Lougheed became Leader of the Opposition. The group of elected Conservatives known as the "original six" included Calgary MLAs Len Werry, David Russell; Edmonton area MLAs Lou Hyndman and Don Getty, and the party's only rural candidate and former federal Member of Parliament Hugh Horner.^[15] The Edmonton Journal positively remarked on Lougheed's success following the 1967 election, stating Albertans had a responsible and credible alternative as opposition.^[15]

Eligibility to vote

The 1967 Alberta general election had four sets of criteria for a person to be eligible to vote. A eligible voter must be a Canadian citizen or British subject prior to April 14, 1967; 19 years of age or older on voting day; a resident of Alberta for 12 months preceding April 14, 1967; and a resident of the constituency on April 14, 1967.^[16] Indigenous Albertans were eligible to vote for the first time in a provincial general election.

Background

In 1948, the Government of Alberta formally set the province's time zone with the passage of The Daylight Saving Time Act,^[17] which mandated the entire province observe Mountain Standard Time, and prevented any municipality from observing daylight saving time or any other time zone. The bill came after Calgary (1946 and 1947), and Edmonton (1946) held municipal plebiscites which approved the move to daylight saving time. Edmonton under Mayor Harry Ainlay actually began to use DLT, which was forbidden under the new law.

Alberta's urban municipalities were in favour of daylight saving time and pressured the provincial government to hold a plebiscite or provide the authority for municipalities to locally observe daylight saving time. A joint motion of Calgary City Council and Edmonton City Council for a plebiscite was put to the Legislature in July 1963, with the support of Social Credit Minister and Edmonton Alderman Ethel Sylvia Wilson,^[18] without success.

A further effort in March 1964 by Liberal MLA and Calgary Alderman Bill Dickie to allow the matter to be settled by a municipal plebiscite also failed in the Legislature. In the debate, Social Credit MLA William Patterson described Daylight Saving Time as "that fandangled thing", and Minister Allen Russell Patrick stated municipal Daylight Savings Time would be difficult for tourists to understand.^[19]

A motion introduced by Bill Dickie was approved by the Legislature in February 1966 to hold a plebiscite on Daylight Saving Time.^[20] And on March 29, 1966, Minister Alfred Hooke introduced An Act to amend The Daylight Saving Time Act (Bill 75),^[21] to permit the government to hold a plebiscite on the issue.

On April 17, 1967, the Government of Alberta approved Order-in-Council 607/67 which provided the instructions for the plebiscite on Daylight Saving Time.

The prescribed question was "Do you favour Province-wide Daylight Saving Time?" with the two available responses as "Yes" and "No".^[22]

Across Canada, by 1967, each province besides Alberta and Saskatchewan had adopted Daylight Saving Time. Many Alberta businesses provided for modified summer hours, including the Alberta Stock Exchange which started at 7 a.m. to align with exchanges in Toronto and Montreal. Air Canada released a statement expressing the difficulty of distributing flight schedules with flights in Alberta.^[23]

Arguments for and against

Arguments for daylight saving time were put forward by the construction industry including the Alberta Construction Association and Edmonton Home Builders Association.^[24][25] The Calgary Herald editorial board published a number of editorials in advance of the plebiscite advocating for the province to observe daylight saving time, and further advocated for all of Canada to move to daylight saving time.^[26][27] Calgary residents and businessmen Bill Creighton and David Matthews led a campaign for daylight saving times, arguing the benefits of an additional hour of late sunlight for sports.^[28] Creighton was able to garner endorsements from the Alberta Amateur Athletics Union and other local golf, baseball, football and tennis associations.^[29][30] The Calgary Tourist and Convention Association endorsed daylight saving, noting that tourists perceived the province as "backwards" for not adopting the time shift.^[31] Liberal leader Michael Maccagno personally supported observing daylight saving time.^[32]

Arguments against daylight saving time were made by the group Alberta Council for Standard Time founded by Calgary lawyer and drive-in movie operator R.H. Barron.^[33] The Council ran a number of advertisements in local papers advocating for standard time, those arguments included the danger for children walking to school in the dark or twilight, and possible reductions to academic performance.^[34]

Aftermath

The plebiscite resulted in a narrow victory for retaining Mountain Standard Time, with 51.25 per cent of the population voting against daylight saving time.^[28] Alberta's large urban communities of Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge and Medicine Hat voted in favour, while the rural parts of the province voted against the proposal.^[28]

The new Progressive Conservative caucus continued to pressure the Social Credit government to provide individual municipalities the power to institute Daylight Saving Time. A February 1968 motion by Edmonton MLA Don Getty and Bill Dickie for municipal authority to institute daylight saving time was rejected by the Legislature.^[35]

In the aftermath of the plebiscite, the Calgary Herald blamed the defeat on "rural cousins" and the well organized Council for Standard Time, noting Calgarians voted two-to-one in favour of adopting daylight saving.^[36] The editorial board for the Calgary Herald decried the failure of the plebiscite, but predicted that the province would eventually adopt daylight saving time.^[37]

Results