2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan
2016 United States presidential election in Michigan
Election in Michigan
The 2016 United States presidential election in Michigan was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Michigan voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and his running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and her running mate Virginia Senator Tim Kaine. At that time, Michigan had 16 electoral votes in the Electoral College.[3]
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| Turnout | 63% [1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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County Results
Congressional District Results
Municipality Results
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In the general election, Trump unexpectedly won Michigan by a narrow margin of 0.23%, with 47.50% of the total votes over Clinton's 47.27%. This is the narrowest margin of victory in Michigan's history in presidential elections, as well as the narrowest margin of any state in the 2016 election. All of Michigan's 16 Electoral College votes were thus assigned to Trump. Trump's victory in Michigan was attributed to overwhelming and underestimated support from white working-class citizens, a demographic group that had previously tended to either vote for the Democratic candidate or did not vote at all.[4] By winning Michigan, Trump became the first Republican presidential candidate to win the state since George H. W. Bush in 1988. Michigan also became one of eleven states to vote for Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 which Hillary Clinton lost.
Michigan's largest county, Wayne County, home to Detroit, voted for Clinton by 37 points. She also managed to hold on to suburban Oakland County, the state's second-largest county, where residents tend to be more diverse and more white-collar, where instead third-party candidates gained votes, whilst Trump flipped the state's third largest county, Macomb County, which is home to more socially conservative but economically populist white blue-collar workers. As of 2020, this is the most recent election where Michigan voted to the right of Nevada.
Democratic primary
The 2016 Michigan Democratic presidential primary was held on March 8 in the U.S. state of Michigan as one of the Democratic Party's primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election. On the same day, the Republican Party held primaries in four states, including their own Michigan primary. Bernie Sanders' narrow win was one of the largest upsets in American political history, with polling before the primary showing him trailing Hillary Clinton by an average of 21.4 points.
Results
Four candidates appeared on the Democratic presidential primary ballot:[5]
| Michigan Democratic primary, March 8, 2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Popular vote | Estimated delegates | |||
| Count | Percentage | Pledged | Unpledged | Total | |
| Bernie Sanders | 598,943 | 49.68% | 67 | 0 | 67 |
| Hillary Clinton | 581,775 | 48.26% | 63 | 10 | 73 |
| Uncommitted | 21,601 | 1.79% | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| Martin O'Malley (withdrawn) | 2,363 | 0.20% | |||
| Rocky De La Fuente | 870 | 0.07% | |||
| Total | 1,205,552 | 100% | 130 | 17 | 147 |
| Source: The Green Papers | |||||
Republican primary
Four candidates participated in the Republican primary.[6]
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Election results by county
Election results by municipality
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Debate
Detroit, March 3
The eleventh debate was held on March 3, 2016, at the Fox Theatre in downtown Detroit, Michigan.[9] It was the third debate to air on Fox News Channel.[10] Special Report anchor Bret Baier, The Kelly File anchor Megyn Kelly and Fox News Sunday host Chris Wallace served as moderators.[11] It led into the Maine, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Idaho, and Hawaii contests. Fox announced that in order for candidates to qualify, they must have at least 3 percent support in the five most recent national polls by March 1 at 5 pm.[12] Ben Carson said on March 2 he would not be attending the debate.[13][14]
Results
Thirteen candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot:[5]
| Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Actual delegate count | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bound | Unbound | Total | |||
| Donald Trump | 483,753 | 36.55% | 25 | 0 | 25 |
| Ted Cruz | 326,617 | 24.68% | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| John Kasich | 321,115 | 24.26% | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| Marco Rubio | 123,587 | 9.34% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ben Carson (withdrawn) | 21,349 | 1.61% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Uncommitted | 22,824 | 1.72% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jeb Bush (withdrawn) | 10,685 | 0.81% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rand Paul (withdrawn) | 3,774 | 0.29% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chris Christie (withdrawn) | 3,116 | 0.24% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mike Huckabee (withdrawn) | 2,603 | 0.20% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rick Santorum (withdrawn) | 1,722 | 0.13% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Carly Fiorina (withdrawn) | 1,415 | 0.11% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| George Pataki (withdrawn) | 591 | 0.04% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lindsey Graham (withdrawn) | 438 | 0.03% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Unprojected delegates: | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Total: | 1,323,589 | 100.00% | 59 | 0 | 59 |
| Source: The Green Papers | |||||
Although won by Democratic candidates in every election since 1992, sometimes by decisive margins, in 2016 Michigan was considered a swing state and received much attention from Republican party candidate Donald Trump. Hillary Clinton's campaign was confident they would win the state, and projected a 5-point win up until election day.[15] Trump was able to win the state for the first time since George H. W. Bush won it in 1988,[16] albeit by a narrow 0.23% margin of victory. On Election Day, Detroit Free Press had prematurely called the state for Clinton at 9:15pm before retracting the call three hours later,[17] an error which had been common in many sources at the 2000 election, in the states of Florida and New Mexico. Donald Trump's upset victory highlighted Michigan's new status as a swing state, being bitterly contested in the 2020 election, when former Democratic Vice President Joe Biden narrowly flipped it back into the Democratic column. Trump's State Campaign was run by Scott Hagerstrom (State Director), CJ Galdes (Deputy State Director), Christopher Morris (Field Director), and Tia Jurkiw (Events Coordinator).[18][19]
Predictions
| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| Los Angeles Times[20] | Likely D | November 6, 2016 |
| CNN[21] | Lean D | November 4, 2016 |
| Cook Political Report[22] | Lean D | November 7, 2016 |
| Electoral-vote.com[23] | Lean D | November 8, 2016 |
| RealClearPolitics[24] | Tossup | November 7, 2016 |
| Rothenberg Political Report[25] | Lean D | November 7, 2016 |
| Sabato's Crystal Ball[26] | Lean D | November 7, 2016 |
| Fox News[27] | Lean D | November 7, 2016 |
Polling
Except for losing one poll in August 2015, and tying with Trump in a poll in September 2015, Clinton won every pre-election poll with margins between 4 and 12 points until November 2016. In late October 2016, Clinton's lead narrowed significantly towards the election. Trump also won the last poll conducted on election day 49% to 47%.[28] The average of the last three polls had Clinton leading Trump 47.6% to 45%.[29] Ultimately, Trump's win here was an extreme surprise.
Minor candidates
The following were given write-in status:[30]
- Cherunda Fox
- Ben Hartnell
- Tom Hoefling
- Laurence Kotlikoff
- Evan McMullin
- Mike Maturen
- Monica Moorehead
Results
| 2016 United States presidential election in Michigan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | Donald Trump | Mike Pence | 2,279,543 | 47.50% | 16 | |
| Democratic | Hillary Clinton | Tim Kaine | 2,268,869 | 47.27% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | Gary Johnson | William Weld | 172,136 | 3.59% | 0 | |
| Green | Jill Stein | Ajamu Baraka | 51,463 | 1.07% | 0 | |
| U.S. Taxpayers' | Darrell Castle | Scott Bradley | 16,139 | 0.34% | 0 | |
| Independent | Evan McMullin (write-in) | - | 8,183 | 0.17% | 0 | |
| Natural Law | Mimi Soltysik | Angela Nicole Walker | 2,209 | 0.05% | 0 | |
| - | Others | - | 772 | 0.02% | 0 | |
| Totals | 4,799,284 | 100.00% | 16 | |||
Results by county
| County | Donald Trump Republican |
Hillary Clinton Democratic |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Alcona | 4,201 | 67.78% | 1,732 | 27.94% | 265 | 4.28% | 2,469 | 39.84% | 6,198 |
| Alger | 2,585 | 57.22% | 1,663 | 36.81% | 270 | 5.97% | 922 | 20.41% | 4,518 |
| Allegan | 34,183 | 60.91% | 18,050 | 32.16% | 3,887 | 6.93% | 16,133 | 28.75% | 56,120 |
| Alpena | 9,090 | 61.55% | 4,877 | 33.02% | 801 | 5.43% | 4,213 | 28.53% | 14,768 |
| Antrim | 8,469 | 61.97% | 4,448 | 32.55% | 750 | 5.48% | 4,021 | 29.42% | 13,667 |
| Arenac | 4,950 | 64.04% | 2,384 | 30.84% | 395 | 5.12% | 2,566 | 33.20% | 7,729 |
| Baraga | 2,158 | 61.34% | 1,156 | 32.86% | 204 | 5.80% | 1,002 | 28.48% | 3,518 |
| Barry | 19,202 | 62.92% | 9,114 | 29.87% | 2,201 | 7.21% | 10,088 | 33.05% | 30,517 |
| Bay | 28,328 | 53.17% | 21,642 | 40.62% | 3,304 | 6.21% | 6,686 | 12.55% | 53,274 |
| Benzie | 5,539 | 54.16% | 4,108 | 40.16% | 581 | 5.68% | 1,431 | 14.00% | 10,228 |
| Berrien | 38,647 | 53.65% | 29,495 | 40.95% | 3,889 | 5.40% | 9,152 | 12.70% | 72,031 |
| Branch | 11,786 | 66.73% | 5,061 | 28.65% | 816 | 4.62% | 6,725 | 38.08% | 17,663 |
| Calhoun | 31,494 | 53.47% | 24,157 | 41.01% | 3,251 | 5.52% | 7,337 | 12.46% | 58,902 |
| Cass | 14,243 | 63.04% | 7,270 | 32.18% | 1,082 | 4.78% | 6,973 | 30.86% | 22,595 |
| Charlevoix | 8,674 | 59.19% | 5,137 | 35.06% | 843 | 5.75% | 3,537 | 24.13% | 14,654 |
| Cheboygan | 8,683 | 63.51% | 4,302 | 31.47% | 687 | 5.02% | 4,381 | 32.04% | 13,672 |
| Chippewa | 9,122 | 58.65% | 5,379 | 34.59% | 1,051 | 6.76% | 3,743 | 24.06% | 15,552 |
| Clare | 8,505 | 63.24% | 4,249 | 31.59% | 695 | 5.17% | 4,256 | 31.65% | 13,449 |
| Clinton | 21,636 | 52.85% | 16,492 | 40.29% | 2,809 | 6.86% | 5,144 | 12.56% | 40,937 |
| Crawford | 4,354 | 63.62% | 2,110 | 30.83% | 380 | 5.55% | 2,244 | 32.79% | 6,844 |
| Delta | 11,121 | 59.81% | 6,436 | 34.61% | 1,037 | 5.58% | 4,685 | 25.20% | 18,594 |
| Dickinson | 8,580 | 64.84% | 3,923 | 29.65% | 729 | 5.51% | 4,657 | 35.19% | 13,232 |
| Eaton | 27,609 | 48.80% | 24,938 | 44.08% | 4,028 | 7.12% | 2,671 | 4.72% | 56,575 |
| Emmet | 10,616 | 55.89% | 6,972 | 36.71% | 1,406 | 7.40% | 3,644 | 19.18% | 18,994 |
| Genesee | 84,175 | 42.59% | 102,751 | 51.99% | 10,715 | 5.42% | -18,576 | -9.40% | 197,641 |
| Gladwin | 8,124 | 64.77% | 3,794 | 30.25% | 624 | 4.98% | 4,330 | 34.52% | 12,542 |
| Gogebic | 4,018 | 54.42% | 2,925 | 39.62% | 440 | 5.96% | 1,093 | 14.80% | 7,383 |
| Grand Traverse | 27,413 | 52.73% | 20,965 | 40.33% | 3,607 | 6.94% | 6,448 | 12.40% | 51,985 |
| Gratiot | 9,880 | 60.01% | 5,666 | 34.41% | 919 | 5.58% | 4,214 | 25.60% | 16,465 |
| Hillsdale | 14,095 | 70.69% | 4,799 | 24.07% | 1,046 | 5.24% | 9,296 | 46.62% | 19,940 |
| Houghton | 8,475 | 53.77% | 6,018 | 38.18% | 1,268 | 8.05% | 2,457 | 15.59% | 15,761 |
| Huron | 10,692 | 67.06% | 4,579 | 28.72% | 673 | 4.22% | 6,113 | 38.34% | 15,944 |
| Ingham | 43,868 | 33.20% | 79,110 | 59.87% | 9,157 | 6.93% | -35,242 | -26.67% | 132,135 |
| Ionia | 16,635 | 61.52% | 8,352 | 30.89% | 2,052 | 7.59% | 8,283 | 30.63% | 27,039 |
| Iosco | 8,345 | 62.14% | 4,345 | 32.36% | 739 | 5.50% | 4,000 | 29.78% | 13,429 |
| Iron | 3,675 | 61.66% | 2,004 | 33.62% | 281 | 4.72% | 2,671 | 28.04% | 5,960 |
| Isabella | 12,338 | 48.31% | 11,404 | 44.65% | 1,798 | 7.04% | 934 | 3.66% | 25,540 |
| Jackson | 39,793 | 56.75% | 25,795 | 36.78% | 4,537 | 6.47% | 13,998 | 19.97% | 70,125 |
| Kalamazoo | 51,034 | 40.41% | 67,148 | 53.17% | 8,117 | 6.42% | -16,114 | -12.76% | 126,299 |
| Kalkaska | 6,116 | 69.24% | 2,280 | 25.81% | 437 | 4.95% | 3,836 | 43.43% | 8,833 |
| Kent | 148,180 | 47.66% | 138,683 | 44.61% | 24,031 | 7.73% | 9,497 | 3.05% | 310,894 |
| Keweenaw | 814 | 56.76% | 527 | 36.75% | 93 | 6.49% | 287 | 20.01% | 1,434 |
| Lake | 3,159 | 58.96% | 1,939 | 36.19% | 260 | 4.85% | 1,220 | 22.77% | 5,358 |
| Lapeer | 30,037 | 66.48% | 12,734 | 28.18% | 2,412 | 5.34% | 17,303 | 38.30% | 45,183 |
| Leelanau | 7,239 | 48.61% | 6,774 | 45.49% | 879 | 5.90% | 465 | 3.12% | 14,892 |
| Lenawee | 26,430 | 57.09% | 16,750 | 36.18% | 3,118 | 6.73% | 9,680 | 20.91% | 46,298 |
| Livingston | 65,680 | 61.68% | 34,384 | 32.29% | 6,425 | 6.03% | 31,296 | 29.39% | 106,489 |
| Luce | 1,756 | 67.77% | 681 | 26.28% | 154 | 5.95% | 1,075 | 41.49% | 2,591 |
| Mackinac | 3,744 | 60.94% | 2,085 | 33.94% | 315 | 5.12% | 1,659 | 27.00% | 6,144 |
| Macomb | 224,665 | 53.58% | 176,317 | 42.05% | 18,330 | 4.37% | 48,348 | 11.53% | 419,312 |
| Manistee | 6,915 | 54.62% | 4,979 | 39.33% | 766 | 6.05% | 1,936 | 15.29% | 12,660 |
| Marquette | 14,646 | 44.09% | 16,042 | 48.29% | 2,530 | 7.62% | -1,396 | -4.20% | 33,218 |
| Mason | 8,505 | 57.50% | 5,281 | 35.70% | 1,006 | 6.80% | 3,224 | 21.80% | 14,792 |
| Mecosta | 10,305 | 59.71% | 5,827 | 33.76% | 1,127 | 6.53% | 4,478 | 25.95% | 17,259 |
| Menominee | 6,702 | 61.92% | 3,539 | 32.70% | 583 | 5.38% | 3,163 | 29.22% | 10,824 |
| Midland | 23,846 | 55.75% | 15,635 | 36.55% | 3,295 | 7.70% | 8,211 | 19.20% | 42,776 |
| Missaukee | 5,386 | 73.61% | 1,565 | 21.39% | 366 | 5.00% | 3,821 | 52.22% | 7,317 |
| Monroe | 43,261 | 57.95% | 26,863 | 35.98% | 4,531 | 6.07% | 16,398 | 21.97% | 74,655 |
| Montcalm | 16,907 | 63.18% | 7,874 | 29.42% | 1,979 | 7.40% | 9,033 | 33.76% | 26,760 |
| Montmorency | 3,498 | 69.52% | 1,287 | 25.58% | 247 | 4.90% | 2,211 | 43.94% | 5,032 |
| Muskegon | 36,127 | 45.89% | 37,304 | 47.39% | 5,292 | 6.72% | -1,177 | -1.50% | 78,723 |
| Newaygo | 15,173 | 66.60% | 6,212 | 27.27% | 1,397 | 6.13% | 8,961 | 39.33% | 22,782 |
| Oakland | 289,203 | 43.23% | 343,070 | 51.29% | 36,652 | 5.48% | -53,867 | -8.06% | 668,925 |
| Oceana | 7,228 | 60.59% | 3,973 | 33.30% | 729 | 6.11% | 3,255 | 27.29% | 11,930 |
| Ogemaw | 6,827 | 65.39% | 3,030 | 29.02% | 583 | 5.59% | 3,797 | 36.37% | 10,440 |
| Ontonagon | 2,066 | 60.18% | 1,176 | 34.26% | 191 | 5.56% | 890 | 25.92% | 3,433 |
| Osceola | 7,336 | 69.15% | 2,705 | 25.50% | 568 | 5.35% | 4,631 | 43.65% | 10,609 |
| Oscoda | 2,843 | 69.48% | 1,044 | 25.51% | 205 | 5.01% | 1,799 | 43.97% | 4,092 |
| Otsego | 8,266 | 65.55% | 3,556 | 28.20% | 788 | 6.25% | 4,710 | 37.35% | 12,610 |
| Ottawa | 88,467 | 61.50% | 44,973 | 31.26% | 10,408 | 7.24% | 43,494 | 30.24% | 143,848 |
| Presque Isle | 4,488 | 61.84% | 2,400 | 33.07% | 369 | 5.09% | 2,088 | 28.77% | 7,257 |
| Roscommon | 8,141 | 62.16% | 4,287 | 32.74% | 668 | 5.10% | 3,854 | 29.42% | 13,096 |
| Saginaw | 45,469 | 47.97% | 44,396 | 46.84% | 4,915 | 5.19% | 1,073 | 1.13% | 94,780 |
| Sanilac | 13,446 | 69.85% | 4,873 | 25.32% | 930 | 4.83% | 8,573 | 44.53% | 19,249 |
| Schoolcraft | 2,556 | 61.19% | 1,369 | 32.77% | 252 | 6.04% | 1,187 | 28.42% | 4,177 |
| Shiawassee | 19,230 | 56.37% | 12,546 | 36.78% | 2,335 | 6.85% | 6,684 | 19.59% | 34,111 |
| St. Clair | 49,051 | 62.88% | 24,553 | 31.48% | 4,399 | 5.64% | 24,498 | 31.40% | 78,003 |
| St. Joseph | 14,884 | 62.10% | 7,526 | 31.40% | 1,557 | 6.50% | 7,358 | 30.70% | 23,967 |
| Tuscola | 17,102 | 65.96% | 7,429 | 28.65% | 1,397 | 5.39% | 9,673 | 37.31% | 25,928 |
| Van Buren | 17,890 | 53.77% | 13,258 | 39.84% | 2,126 | 6.39% | 4,632 | 13.93% | 33,274 |
| Washtenaw | 50,631 | 26.64% | 128,483 | 67.59% | 10,965 | 5.77% | -77,852 | -40.95% | 190,079 |
| Wayne | 228,993 | 29.26% | 519,444 | 66.36% | 34,282 | 4.38% | -290,451 | -37.10% | 782,719 |
| Wexford | 10,000 | 65.06% | 4,436 | 28.86% | 934 | 6.08% | 5,564 | 36.20% | 15,370 |
| Totals | 2,279,543 | 47.25% | 2,268,839 | 47.03% | 276,160 | 5.72% | 10,704 | 0.22% | 4,824,542 |
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Democratic — +>15%
-
Democratic — +12.5-15%
-
Democratic — +7.5-10%
-
Democratic — +5-7.5%
-
Democratic — +2.5-5%
-
Democratic — +0-2.5%
-
Republican — +0-2.5%
-
Republican — +2.5-5%
-
Republican — +5-7.5%
-
Republican — +7.5-10%
-
Republican — +10-12.5%
-
Republican — +12.5-15%
-
Republican — +>15%
-
Democratic — +>15%
-
Democratic — +12.5-15%
-
Democratic — +7.5-10%
-
Democratic — +5-7.5%
-
Democratic — +2.5-5%
-
Democratic — +0-2.5%
-
Republican — +0-2.5%
-
Republican — +2.5-5%
-
Republican — +5-7.5%
-
Republican — +7.5-10%
-
Republican — +10-12.5%
-
Republican — +12.5-15%
-
Republican — +>15%
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
- Bay (largest city: Bay City)
- Calhoun (largest city: Battle Creek)
- Eaton (largest city: Charlotte)
- Gogebic (largest city: Ironwood)
- Isabella (largest city: Mount Pleasant)
- Lake (largest village: Baldwin)
- Macomb (largest city: Warren)
- Manistee (largest city: Manistee)
- Monroe (largest city: Monroe)
- Saginaw (largest city: Saginaw)
- Shiawassee (largest city: Owosso)
- Van Buren (largest city: South Haven)
By congressional district
Trump won 9 of 14 congressional districts.[32]
| District | Trump | Clinton | Representative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 58% | 37% | Dan Benishek |
| Jack Bergman | |||
| 2nd | 55% | 38% | Bill Huizenga |
| 3rd | 52% | 42% | Justin Amash |
| 4th | 59% | 35% | John Moolenaar |
| 5th | 45% | 50% | Dan Kildee |
| 6th | 51% | 43% | Fred Upton |
| 7th | 56% | 39% | Tim Walberg |
| 8th | 51% | 44% | Mike Bishop |
| 9th | 44% | 51% | Sander Levin |
| 10th | 64% | 32% | Candice Miller |
| Paul Mitchell | |||
| 11th | 49% | 45% | David Trott |
| 12th | 34% | 61% | Debbie Dingell |
| 13th | 18% | 79% | John Conyers Jr. |
| 14th | 18% | 79% | Brenda Lawrence |
The Michigan Board of Canvassers certified Trump's lead of 10,704 votes over Clinton, a 0.23% margin, on November 28.[33] The deadline to request a recount was then set for November 30 at 2:00 p.m. That same day, Green Party candidate Jill Stein's campaign requested a hand recount, but the recount was halted December 1 after the state received an objection from Trump representatives.[34] The objection was rejected by Michigan's Bureau of Elections on December 2, and a federal judge ordered the recount to start again on December 5.[34] Finally, the recount was halted on December 7 after a federal judge issued an order to Michigan's Board of Elections, thus making Trump's win official.[35]
- Michigan Election Results, Michigan Secretary of State, November 28, 2016
- "Distribution of Electoral Votes". National Archives and Records Administration. September 19, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- Cohn, Nate (November 9, 2016). "Why Trump Won: Working-Class". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- Sprunt, Barbara (March 3, 2016). "On The Clock: Trump Still Gets The Most Talking Time". NPR. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- Gold, Hadas (February 4, 2016). "Bret Baier, Megyn Kelly, Chris Wallace return for March 3 debate". Politico. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- "2016 presidential debate schedule: Dates, times, moderators and topics". Politico.com. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
- "GOP debate headed to Detroit in March". Detroit News. February 4, 2016.
- Feldman, Josh. "Fox News Announces Criteria for Next Week's Big GOP Debate". Mediaite.com. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
- "Transcript of the Republican Presidential Debate in Detroit". The New York Times. March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- "Republican debate: candidates pledge to support Trump if needed – as it happened". Guardian. March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- How Clinton lost Michigan — and blew the election. Politico. 14 December 2016.
- Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- "Free Press Embarrasses Itself with a Premature Call of Clinton Win in Michigan". Deadlinedetroit.com.
- "Donald J. Trump for President Campaign Organization 2016 General Election - Michigan". www.p2016.org. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
- "Forest Hills grad lands big role in national presidential campaign". mlive. September 19, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
- "Our final map has Clinton winning with 352 electoral votes. Compare your picks with ours". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
- Chalian, David (November 4, 2016). "Road to 270: CNN's new election map". CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- "2016 Electoral Scorecard". The Cook Political Report. November 7, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- "2016 Electoral Map Prediction". Electoral-vote.com. November 8, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- "2016 Election Maps - Battle for White House". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
- "Presidential Ratings". The Rothenberg Political Report. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
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