Proboscidean research

• Review of the systematics and evolutionary history of African proboscideans is published by Sanders (2023).^[2]
• A study on the evolution of teeth of proboscideans from East Africa over the past 26 million years is published by Saarinen & Lister (2023), who find evidence of ratchet-like mode of evolution, with periods of rapid increase in hypsodonty and loph count (probably related to episodes of increase of aridity) alternating with longer periods of relative stasis rather than reversal of these traits.^[3]
• Choudhary et al. (2023) report the first discovery of the fossil material of a mammutid (cf. Zygolophodon) from the Upper Miocene deposits of Tapar (Kutch, India), extending known temporal range of mammutids in the southern Himalayan foreland basin to ~10 million years ago.^[4]
• Fossil material of a mammutid distinct from the more basal Zygolophodon and possibly belonging to the species "Mammut" obliquelophus is described from the Upper Miocene locality of Sazak (Turkey) by Konidaris et al. (2023), representing the first record of "Mammut" in the Upper Miocene of western Asia reported to date, and interpreted by the authors as supporting the existence of a zoogeographic link enabling proboscidean interchanges between Europe and East Asia during the Late Miocene.^[5]
• Von Koenigswald, Widga & Göhlich (2023) describe fossil material of mammutids from Oregon (partial skull of Zygolophodon proavus from the Clarendonian Ironside Formation, a maxilla of a mammutid of uncertain affinities – tentatively classified as "Mammut furlongi" – from the Clarendonian Juntura Formation, and partial skull of Mammut matthewi from the Hemphillian Dalles Formation), and interpret the Miocene and Pliocene record of North American mammutid as indicating that Mammut most likely did not immigrate into North America from Eurasia but rather evolved from Zygolophodon in North America.^[6]
• Li, Chen & Wang (2023) reinterpret "Trilophodon" connexus as a member of the family Choerolophodontidae, and provisionally assign it to the genus Choerolophodon.^[7]
• Revision of the gomphothere faunas of the Miocene Linxia Basin (China) is published by Wang et al. (2023), who report the presence of three fossil assemblages of different age.^[8]
• A study on the morphology and feeding ecology of longirostrine gomphotheres from the Early–Middle Miocene of northern China is published by Li et al. (2023), who interpret Platybelodon as the first known proboscidean that evolved both grazing behavior and trunk coiling and grasping functions, making it better adapted to the open environment than other longirostrine taxa, and interpret these adaptations as eventually resulting in the feeding function shifting from the mandibular symphysis and tusks to the trunk.^[9]
• Neves et al. (2023) study carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures from samples of dentin of a specimen of Notiomastodon platensis from the Sousa municipality (Brazil) living during the Last Glacial Maximum, and interpret their findings as indicating that the studied specimen lived in a wetter environment compared to other localities from the Brazilian Intertropical Region and had mixed-feeder diet.^[10]
• Konidaris et al. (2023) describe fossil material of Deinotherium levius and Tetralophodon longirostris from the Hammerschmiede clay pit (Germany), report evidence of their feeding habits indicative of niche partitioning between the two species which made their coexistence at Hammerschmiede possible, and interpret their presence at the site (coupled with the absence of Gomphotherium at Hammerschmiede to date) as documenting the transition from the Middle Miocene trilophodont (Gomphotherium)-dominated proboscidean faunas of central Europe to the Late Miocene tetralophodont-dominated ones.^[11]
• Romano et al. (2023) estimate the body mass of Anancus arvernensis to be between 5.2 and 6 tonnes.^[12]
• Lin et al. (2023) recover complete mitogenome from a molar of a member of the genus Palaeoloxodon and partial mitochondrial sequences from another member of this genus (both from the Pleistocene of China), and interpret the studied specimens as possible representatives of a population with a large spatial span across Eurasia.^[13]
• A study on woolly mammoth genomes, identifying genetic variants associated with hair and skin development, fat storage and metabolism, and immune system function that had become fixed in the woolly mammoth lineage, is published by Díez-del-Molino et al. (2023).^[14]
• A study on the accumulation of woolly mammoth bones from the Upper Paleolithic site Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora, Voronezh Oblast, Russia), aiming to assess relations between the body size of Kostenki mammoths, the state of their population and the timeframe of bone assemblage accumulation, is published by Petrova et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicative of relatively long-term inhabitation of the studied area by mammoths and permanent visitation of the site.^[15]
• Evidence from tooth enamel of a woolly mammoth from the Upper Paleolithic Kraków Spadzista site (Poland), interpreted as indicating that the studied mammoth grazed in southern Poland in winter time and likely moved 250–400 km northwards during summer throughout at least 12–13 years of its adult life, is presented by Kowalik et al. (2023).^[16]
• Cherney et al. (2023) study steroid hormone concentrations in woolly mammoth tusk dentin, and report evidence periodic increases in testosterone, interpreted as indicating that male mammoths experienced episodes of musth similar to those occurring in extant African elephants.^[17]
• Larramendi (2023) provides a formula for estimating tusk weight in proboscideans and conducts a review of tusk size evolution in Proboscidea.^[18]

Sirenian research

• Evidence of adaptation of motor-sensorial systems which were originally associated with tooth innervation to innervation of novel keratinized structures in sirenians, based on data from the study of extant and extinct sirenians, is presented by Hautier et al. (2023).^[19]
• Probable new specimen of Prototherium ausetanum, complementing the available information of the anatomy of that species, is described from the Eocene (Bartonian) limestone south of Sant Vicenç de Castellet (Catalonia, Spain) by Voss et al. (2023).^[20]

Miscellaneous afrotherian research

• A study on teeth and affinities of Qarunavus meyeri is published by Kampouridis et al. (2023), who place Qarunavus in the family Ptolemaiidae, and interpret the eruption sequence of the permanent teeth of Qarunavus as potentially supporting the placement of Ptolemaiida within Afrotheria.^[23]
• Lihoreau et al. (2023) describe a tooth of an embrithopod belonging to the genus Palaeoamasia from the Eocene Lopar Sandstone (Croatia), extending known geographic range of members of this genus, and interpret this finding as consistent with the existence of the isolated Balkanatolian landmass which was isolated from Western Europe prior to the Grande Coupure.^[24]

Primate research

• Evidence from the navicular morphology, interpreted as indicating that early euprimates displayed a diverse array of locomotor adaptations early on their evolution, is presented by Monclús-Gonzalo et al. (2023).^[32]
• A study on the phylogeny and evolution of notharctines known from Wyoming is published by Gingerich (2023), who considers changes of the notharctine diversity to be related to Eocene climate changes.^[33]
• A study on evolutionary changes to temporal lobe size relative to brain size in fossil Old World monkeys is published by Pearson & Polly (2023), who interpret their finding as indicative of several cerebral reorganisations in the evolutionary history of the Old World monkeys, with the most noticeable change coinciding with environmental changes in the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene.^[34]
• A study on tooth chipping patterns in Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, Apidium phiomense, Catopithecus browni, Parapithecus grangeri, Propliopithecus ankeli and Propliopithecus chirobates from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) is published by Towle, Borths & Loch (2023), who interpret their findings as indicative of a predominantly soft fruit diet of the studied primates.^[35]
• Pickford, Gommery & Ingicco (2023) describe a probable Early Pliocene macaque molar from the Red Crag Formation (United Kingdom), representing one of the oldest and northernmost records of the genus in Europe reported to date.^[36]
• A study on tooth microwear in Macaca majori is published by Plastiras et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicating that M. majori likely fed on harder foods and occupied a different dietary niche compared to its mainland fossil relatives.^[37]
• Proffitt et al. (2023) report that, while cracking nuts, extant crab-eating macaques unintentionally produce flakes that fall within the technological range of artifacts made by early hominins, and caution that such flakes may be misidentified as intentional products if found in Plio-Pleistocene sites.^[38]
• Post et al. (2023) recommend the use of Victoriapithecus and Ekembo as more suitable outgroups in the studies of the phylogenetic relationships of apes (including fossil hominins) than members of the genera Papio and Colobus.^[39]
• Kikuchi (2023) attempts to determine the body mass of Nacholapithecus kerioi, and considers it to be an arboreal primate.^[40]
• Review of the Miocene ape systematics is published by Urciuoli & Alba (2023), who discuss the problems affecting the studies of phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of Miocene apes.^[41]
• Evidence from the Moroto II site (Uganda), indicating that Miocene apes from Moroto II (including Morotopithecus) shared locomotor traits with living apes and lived in seasonally dry woodlands with abundant C₄ grasses, is presented by MacLatchy et al. (2023).^[42]
• Pugh et al. (2023) reconstruct the face of Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, and interpret its morphology as most consistent with a phylogenetic placement as a stem hominid.^[43]
• A study aiming to determine absolute crown strength and bite force of the lower postcanine teeth of Gigantopithecus blacki is published by Yi et al. (2023), who report evidence of dental specialization which might represent an adaptation to processing mechanically challenging foods.^[44]
• A study on the distinctiveness of Miocene dryopithecines from the Iberian Peninsula is published by Zanolli et al. (2023), who argue that teeth of Pierolapithecus, Anoiapithecus, Dryopithecus and Hispanopithecus show morphological differences consistent with their attribution to different genera.^[45]
• Evidence from oxygen isotopic compositions of tooth enamel, interpreted as indicating that late Pleistocene/early Holocene orangutans from Borneo lived in drier environments than both modern orangutans and late Pleistocene orangutans from Sumatra, is presented by Smith et al. (2023).^[46]
• A study comparing the dietary strategies of Pleistocene orangutans and Homo erectus from Sangiran (Java, Indonesia) is published by Kubat et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicating that H. erectus exploited varied food sources and was less dependent on variations in seasonal food availability than orangutans.^[47]
• The first specimen of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis with upper deciduous teeth is described from the Ravin de la Pluie locality in Axios Valley (Greece) by Koufos et al. (2023).^[48]
• A study on the ulnae of Hispanopithecus, Danuvius, 17 fossil hominin specimens and extant apes and humans is published by Meyer et al. (2023), who find the studied ulna of a specimen of Sahelanthropus tchadensis to fall within the knuckle-walking morphospace.^[49]
• Evidence from the study of a sample of specimens of 4 extinct (Ekembo heseloni, Australopithecus sediba, Homo naledi, Neanderthals) and 15 extant primate species, indicating that machine learning methods have the potential for aiding taxon identification and the interpretation of the locomotor behavior of fossil hominoid specimens, is presented by Vanhoof et al. (2023).^[50]

General paleoanthropology

• A study on the hominin habitat preferences over the past 3 million years is published by Zeller et al. (2023), who find that earliest hominins predominantly lived in environments such as grassland and dry shrubland, while later hominins adapted to a broader range of environments, and argue that members of the genus Homo may have preferentially selected areas with more diverse habitats.^[51]
• Hatala, Gatesy & Falkingham (2023) find that longitudinally arched footprints are not necessarily indicating that the hominins which produced them had longitudinally arched feet, but rather that such footprints are created through a pattern of foot kinematics that is characteristic of human walking; the authors consider Pleistocene tracks from Ileret (Kenya) to be the earliest known evidence for fully modern human-like bipedal kinematics, while tracks from Laetoli (Tanzania) show only partial evidence of the characteristic human walking style.^[52]
• Alger et al. (2023) present a model of the evolution of food production and sharing in early hominins across diverse mating systems, and propose that food sharing in early hominin populations occurred between unrelated adults before the emergence of extensive grandparenting, cooking and hunting.^[53]
• Plummer et al. (2023) report the discovery of 3.032–2.595 million-years-old fossil material of Paranthropus and Oldowan stone tools from the Nyayanga site (Homa Peninsula, Kenya), expanding known geographic range of both Paranthropus and Oldowan tools, and providing evidence that hominins were already using tools to process soft and hard plant tissues and to butcher animals, including large animals such as hippopotamids, at the Oldowan's inception;^[54] in a subsequent study Key & Proffitt (2023) apply optimal linear estimation modeling to the range of dates presented for the Nyayanga site, and find the emergence of the Oldowan to fall within the range of 2.622–3.436 million years ago, on account of the uncertainty surrounding Nyayanga's age.^[55]
• New fossil material of infant and juvenile specimens of Paranthropus robustus, providing evidence of differences in the early craniofacial development between P. robustus and Australopithecus africanus, is described from southern African sites of Kromdraai and Drimolen by Braga et al. (2023), who interpret this finding as consistent with a close relationship between Paranthropus and Homo.^[56]
• A study comparing the environments inhabited by Paranthropus boisei and early members of the genus Homo at East Turkana (Kenya) is published by O'Brien, Hebdon & Faith (2023), who report that early Homo co-occurred with bovid assemblages indicative of a broader range of environments than P. boisei, and interpret their findings as supporting the interpretation of P. boisei as an ecological specialist and of early Homo as a generalist.^[57]
• A study on the affinities of the hominin specimen KNM-ER 1500 from East Turkana (Kenya) is published by Ward et al. (2023), who interpret the anatomy of this specimen as supporting its attribution to the species Paranthropus boisei, confirming the presence of significant dimorphism of the size of the postcranial skeleton in this species.^[58]
• Alemseged (2023) reexamines the paleobiology of Australopithecus and its significance in human evolution.^[59]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of Australopithecus sediba, aiming to determine whether A. sediba and Australopithecus africanus were sister taxa, is published by Mongle, Strait & Grine (2023), who report that they could not reject the hypothesis that A. sediba shared its closest phylogenetic affinities with the genus Homo.^[60]
• A three-dimensional model of bones and musculature of the pelvis and leg of Australopithecus afarensis is presented by O'Neill, Nagano & Umberger (2023).^[61]
• Wiseman (2023) presents a reconstruction of muscular configuration in the pelvis and lower limb of "Lucy", and interpret her finding as indicating that "Lucy" was capable of producing an erect posture, but also that the knee of this individual might have been suited to a range of movement types beyond those observed in modern humans.^[62]
• Hamilton, Copeland & Nelson (2023) use a strontium isotope method to identify sex biases in dispersal of Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus/Paranthropus robustus, and interpret their findings as supporting the existence of male philopatry and female dispersal in both species, with Australopithecus/Paranthropus robustus showing greater differences between presumed males and females compared to A. africanus.^[63]
• Delagnes et al. (2023) report the discovery of stone tool assemblages from a new site complex from the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia), representing the first example of multiple, well-defined hominin occupation phases in the Shungura Formation and providing evidence that hominins were able to repeatedly exploit the studied area during the Early Pleistocene in spite of lack of abundant local raw materials suitable for stone tool manufacture.^[64]
• Evidence from the Melka Kunture site-complex (Ethiopia) interpreted as indicating that hominins were living in areas at 2000 m of altitude at least 2 million years ago is presented by Muttoni et al. (2023).^[65]
• Mussi et al. (2023) identify the infant mandible from level E at Garba IV site (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) as belonging to the species Homo erectus, determine this mandible to be approximately 2 million-years-old (making it one of the earliest known fossils of H. erectus), and determine the presence of earliest known Acheulean tool assemblage from slightly younger strata from the same site;^[66] the conclusions of Muttoni et al. (2023) and Mussi et al. (2023) about the age of the Oldowan and early Acheulean material from the Melka Kunture site-complex are subsequently contested by Gossa et al. (2024).^[67]
• Beaudet & de Jager (2023) provide evidence of primitive organization of the Broca's area in a 1.9-million-years-old probable member of the genus Homo from Koobi Fora (Kenya).^[68]
• Pobiner, Pante & Keevil (2023) report the discovery of likely cut marks on a 1.45-million-years-old hominin tibia shaft from the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation (Kenya).^[69]
• Evidence from the Simbiro III site (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia), interpreted as indicating that hominins living in this area more than 1.2 million years produced standardized, large tools with sharp cutting edges in a stone-tool workshop, exploiting an accumulation of obsidian cobbles by a meandering river, is presented by Mussi et al. (2023).^[70]
• Muller et al. (2023) report new data about a large sample of stone balls from the 'Ubeidiya site (Israel), interpreted as indicative of the existence of a complex formal technology used for intentional production of symmetrical sphere-like objects by Early Acheulean hominins.^[71]
• A study on the temporal spacing in the Asian fossil hominin record is published by Roberts et al. (2023), who argue that, in spite of their late persistence, the temporal range of Homo floresiensis and Homo luzonensis is not outside of the expected temporal range for Homo erectus.^[72]
• A study on the provenance of the hominin fossils from Trinil (Java, Indonesia) found during the 1891–1908 excavations is published by Pop et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicating that the age of the femur which caused Homo erectus to be given its name (Femur I) is uncertain and might be as young as ~31,000 years, as well as indicating that the taxonomic attribution of this specimen is uncertain, for it might be a bone of an individual belonging to the species Homo erectus, Homo sapiens or a Denisovan.^[73]
• Berger et al. (2023) describe possible evidence of burials of bodies of individuals of Homo naledi from the Dinaledi subsystem of the Rising Star cave (South Africa),^[74] while Berger et al. (2023) report the discovery of markings within the Dinaledi subsystem of the Rising Star Cave, interpreted by the authors as abstract patterns and shapes produced by Homo naledi;^[75][76] their conclusions are subsequently contested by Martinón-Torres et al. (2023), who find the evidence presented not compelling enough to indicate that H. naledi buried their dead and produced rock art in the Rising Star Cave system.^[77]
• Rodríguez et al. (2023) determine that Epivillafranchian sabre-toothed felids from southern Europe abandoned carcasses with a nutrient content so high that scavenging was a reliable food procurement strategy for hominins, provided that the hominins foraged in groups strong enough to chase giant hyenas away from the carcasses;^[78] a subsequent study published by Mateos, Hölzchen & Rodríguez (2023) indicates that the carnivore turnover during the Epivillafranchian-Galerian transition (including the extinction of Megantereon and the appearance of Homotherium latidens) coupled with reduced ecosystem productivity during the cold intervals made the coexistence of hominin groups with giant hyenas in competition for carrion no longer viable, resulting in the extinction of Pachycrocuta brevirostris.^[79]
• Margari et al. (2023) provide evidence of pronounced climate variability in Europe during a glacial period ~1.154 to ~1.123 million years ago, culminating in extreme glacial cooling, and argue that these conditions led to the depopulation of Europe.^[80]
• Evidence from present-day human genomes, interpreted as indicative of a reduction in the population size of human ancestors to about 1000 breeding individuals between around 930,000 and 813,000 years ago, is presented by Hu et al. (2023).^[81]
• Barham et al. (2023) describe interlocking logs and wood tools from the Kalambo Falls site (Zambia), ranging from approximately 476,000 years old to approximately 324,000 years old, and providing evidence of diversity of forms of the studied structures and the capacity of hominins that made them to shape tree trunks into large combined structures.^[82]
• Konidaris et al. (2023) describe a specimen of Hippopotamus antiquus from the new Middle Pleistocene locality Marathousa 2 in the Megalopolis Basin (Greece), preserved with cut marks interpreted as evidence of butchering of the carcass by hominins.^[83]
• Cut mark evidence interpreted as indicative of systematic exploitation of beavers by hominins approximately 400,000 years ago is reported from the Bilzingsleben site (Germany) by Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Kindler & Roebroeks (2023).^[84]
• A study on the morphology of the mandible of a 300,000-years old hominin specimen from Hualongdong (China), whose skull was first described by Wu et al. (2019),^[85] is published by Wu et al. (2023), who report the presence of a combination of features resembling those of Late Pleistocene hominins and recent modern humans as well as features resembling those of Middle Pleistocene hominins, representing the first record of such a mosaic pattern in a late Middle Pleistocene hominin from East Asia, and report that the studied mandible did not possess a true chin.^[86]
• A study on a double-pointed stick from Schöningen (Germany), providing evidence of development of sophisticated woodworking techniques by hominins living ca. 300,000 years ago, is published by Milks et al. (2023).^[87]
• A study on the mandibles of hominins from the Sima de los Huesos site (Spain) is published by Quam et al. (2023), who argue that hominins from Sima de los Huesos should not be assigned to the species Homo heidelbergensis and that they were more closely related to (but distinct from) Neanderthals, indicating the presence of at least two different evolutionary lineages of hominins in Europe during the middle Pleistocene.^[88]
• Studies on the morphology of the long bones of legs of hominins from the Sima de los Huesos site are published by Rodríguez et al. (2023), who report that the tibiae and fibulae of the studied hominins overall resemble those of Neanderthals more than those of other middle Pleistocene hominins (though the tibiae were longer than those of Neanderthals, possibly resulting in better locomotor efficiency)^[89] and by Carretero et al. (2023), who report archaic pattern of femoral morphology in the studied hominins and argue that two femora from the Sima de los Huesos site originally identified as bones of men might have actually been bones of women, potentially indicating that large-bodied women were common in archaic human species.^[90]
• Brand, Colbran & Capra (2023) use machine-learning algorithm to identify putative archaic splice-altering variants in genomes of three Neanderthals and a Denisovan, and report that variants which don't also occur in modern humans are enriched in genes that contribute to phenotypic differences among hominins.^[91]
• Evidence indicating that patterns of interbreeding between Neanderthals and Denisovans correlated with climate and environmental changes in central Eurasia is presented by Ruan et al. (2023).^[92]
• Review of the research on the phenotype of Denisovans, their population history and interactions with other human groups is published by Peyrégne, Slon & Kelso (2023).^[93]
• Bacon et al. (2023) report evidence from the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of teeth of the Denisovan individual from the Cobra Cave (Laos) interpretet as indicating that this individual relied on food resources from mixed to open landscapes, and argue that Homo sapiens might have been better adapted to exploit rainforest resources compared to Denisovans.^[94]
• A study comparing the evolution of brain shape in humans and other primates is published by Sansalone et al. (2023), who determine that strong covariation between different areas of the brain in Neanderthals and modern humans evolved under higher evolutionary rates than in any other primate.^[95]
• A study on an accumulation of crania of large mammals in Level 3 of the Cueva Des-Cubierta (Madrid Region, Spain), apparently processed by Neanderthals, is published by Baquedano et al. (2023), who interpret this accumulation as a likely symbolic practice of Neanderthals.^[96]
• Evidence from the Eemian Neumark-Nord 1 site (Germany), interpreted as indicative of systematic targeting and processing of straight-tusked elephants by Neanderthals, is presented by Gaudzinski-Windheuser et al. (2023);^[97] in a subsequent study Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Kindler & Roebroeks (2023) identify elephant remains from the Gröbern and Taubach sites (Germany) with butchering patterns similar to those from Neumark-Nord, and interpret these findings as indicating that extended elephant exploitation was a widespread Neanderthal practice in the northern European plain during the early part of the Last Interglacial.^[98]
• Marquet et al. (2023) report evidence of Neanderthal engravings at La Roche-Cotard (France) interpreted as the earliest Neanderthal engravings on cave walls found to date.^[99]
• Kozowyk, Baron & Langejans (2023) report that aceramic birch tar production techniques used by Neanderthals cannot be reliably identified with current methods of distinguishing ceramic tar production processes using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.^[100]
• Kozowyk, Fajardo & Langejans (2023) report that the production process of birch tar in stone chambers with a technique likely used by Neanderthals becomes more complex with the increase of the number of concurrent production assemblies, and explore possible implications of the complexity of the scaled-up production for the knowledge of the cognitive and behavioural capacities of Neanderthals.^[101]
• Fajardo, Kozowyk & Langejans (2023) evaluate the complexity of the Paleolithic tar production processes, and interpret their findings as indicating that Neanderthals might have had technical cognition analogous to that of modern humans.^[102]
• The most extensive collection of Neanderthal remains from the northeastern Mediterranean Iberia reported to date is described from Simanya Gran (the main gallery of the Simanya cave) by Morales et al. (2023).^[103]
• Russo et al. (2023) report the discovery of a cave lion specimen from Siegsdorf (Germany) preserved with hunting lesions (a partial puncture and possible drag marks) and butchery marks, interpreted as the earliest evidence of Neanderthals hunting cave lions with wooden spears, and cave lion remains from the Unicorn Cave with cut marks consistent with those generated during skinning, interpreted as the earliest evidence of the utilization of a cave lion pelt by Neanderthals.^[104]
• Abbas et al. (2023) report the presence of Late Quaternary wetland sediments at the Wadi Hasa, Gregra and Wadi Gharandal areas in the Jordan desert, and interpret their findings as indicating that during the Marine Isotope Stage 5 the Levant was a well-watered route for human dispersal out of Africa.^[105]
• Freidline et al. (2023) report the discovery of new fossil material of Homo sapiens from the Tam Pà Ling cave (Laos), providing evidence of an early dispersal of Homo sapiens into Southeast Asia by at least approximately 70,000 years ago.^[106]
• Bacon et al. (2023) study non-figurative signs associated with images of animals in European caves which were produced by Upper Paleolithic humans, and interpret those signs as an early form of writing used to convey seasonal behavioural information about prey animals.^[107]
• Evidence from genomes of people from sub-Saharan African populations, interpreted as indicative of multiple migration events of anatomically modern humans out of Africa, of bidirectional gene flow between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans, and of deleterious interactions between Neanderthal and modern human alleles consistent with incipient speciation, is presented by Harris et al. (2023).^[108]
• A study on the Neanderthal ancestry in modern human populations across space and time is published by Quilodrán et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicating that the greater Neanderthal ancestry in human populations from eastern Eurasia compared to western Eurasia was caused by the expansion of Neolithic/Chalcolithic farmers (carrying less Neanderthal DNA than Paleolithic hunter-gatherers) approximately 10,000 years before present, as before that event the level of Neanderthal ancestry in human populations from western Eurasia was higher than in eastern Eurasia.^[109]
• Gicqueau et al. (2023) identify an ilium of an anatomically modern human baby found among Neanderthal remains from the Châtelperronian layers in the Grotte du Renne (France), and explore different hypotheses about the studied finding, including interpretations of the finding as possible evidence that Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans which either coexisted in mixed groups or alternately occupied the same sites were makers of the Châtelperronian.^[110]
• A study on the productivity of European ecosystems during the Marine Isotope Stage 3 is published by Vidal-Cordasco et al. (2023), who report evidence of long coexistence of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in the areas with high and stable ecosystem productivity, as well as evidence of disappearance of Neanderthals before or shortly after the arrival of Homo sapiens in the areas with low or unstable ecosystem productivity.^[111]
• A study on the environmental changes in the Lake Baikal region during the Marine Isotope Stage 3, as indicated by palynological data, is published by Shichi et al. (2023), who find that the dispersal of Homo sapiens into Baikal Siberia coincided with climate changes resulting in warm and humid conditions and vegetation changes.^[112]
• Rigaud et al. (2023) report the discovery of an approximately 42,000-year-old pendant found at the Paleolithic site of Tolbor-21 (Mongolia), interpreted as a phallus-like representation and providing evidence of production of three-dimensional images of the human body at the time of early dispersals of Homo sapiens in Eurasia.^[113]
• Evidence from genomes of two 36,000–37,000-year-old individuals from Buran-Kaya III (Crimea), interpreted as indicative of the closest similarity of the studied individuals to Gravettian-associated individuals living several thousand years later in southwestern Europe, as well as indicating that the population turnover in Europe after 40,000 years ago involved admixture with pre-existing European populations, is presented by Bennett et al. (2023).^[114]
• Fragment of an ammonite with modifications indicative of intentional carving is described from the c. 36,200-year-old strata from the Grotte des Gorges (Jura, France) by d'Errico et al. (2023), who interpret the finding as modified to represent the head of a caniform carnivoran, and produced by the craftsman emulating figurines made of mammoth ivory, but also introducing substantial technical, thematic and stylistic innovations.^[115]

• Posth et al. (2023) study genomes of hunter-gatherers from western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago, finding that individuals associated with the Gravettian culture across Europe were not a biologically homogeneous population (with some individuals from western Europe having a genetic ancestry profile resembling that of the individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture), reporting that human populations with this ancestry profile survived in southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum and subsequently re-expanded northeastward, and finding evidence of replacement of human groups in southern Europe around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum.^[116]
• Evidence from impact-related fractures of projectiles from the Maisières-Canal site (Belgium), interpreted as indicating that spearthrower was used 31,000 years ago for launching projectiles armed with tanged flint points from the studied sample, is presented by Coppe, Taipale & Rots (2023).^[117]
• Villalba-Mouco et al. (2023) present genome-wide data from a 23,000-year-old Solutrean-associated individual from Cueva del Malalmuerzo (Spain), carrying genetic ancestry interpreted as directly connecting earlier Aurignacian-associated individuals with post-Last Glacial Maximum Magdalenian-associated ancestry in western Europe.^[118]
• Pigati et al. (2023) reevalute the age of human footprints from the White Sands National Park (New Mexico, United States) originally described by Bennett et al. (2021),^[119] and interpret their findings as supporting the presence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum.^[120]
• Evidence from blood residues from Paleoamerican stone tools from North and South Carolina, indicative of exploitation of extinct megafauna by Clovis and other Paleoamerican cultures in the Carolinas, is presented by Moore et al. (2023).^[121]
• A study on the functional performance of hafted Clovis knife replicas is published by Mika et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicating that the use of hafted technologies may have reduced the impact that the anatomical variation between hands of different individuals had on a tools' performance, and removed evolutionary selective pressures associated with the use of flaked stone tools.^[122]
• Evidence interpreted as indicating that three giant sloth osteoderms from the Santa Elina rock shelter (Brazil) were intentionally modified into artefacts during the Last Glacial Maximum, before fossilization of the bones, is presented by Pansani et al. (2023).^[123]
• Evidence of the use of plant-based red colourant by Natufians is reported from the Kebara Cave site (Israel) by Davin, Bellot-Gurlet & Navas (2023).^[124]
• A study on the Magdalenian rock art from the Atxurra Cave (Spain) is published by Garate et al. (2023), who interpret the studied rock art as indicative of planning prior to artistic production, as well as adapted to be seen by a third person from different positions.^[125]
• A study on genomic data from remains of humans from Poland, Romania and Ukraine living before and after the Neolithic transition is published by Mattila et al. (2023), who report evidence indicative of the existence of an admixture cline between genetically differentiated groups from Central Europe and Siberia before Neolithic, as well as evidence of stronger genetic continuity after the Neolithic transition in the Dnieper Valley region than in the areas further west.^[126]
• Evidence from a high-coverage genome of Ötzi, interpreted as indicative of descent from both early Neolithic European farmers (who in turn were descendants of early Anatolian farmers) and European hunter-gatherers (with the admixture between these groups happening approximately 4880–4400 years BCE) but without any evidence for Steppe-related ancestry, as well as indicative of a rather dark skin (as also displayed by the actual mummy) and possibly also of male-pattern baldness, is presented by Wang et al. (2023).^[127]
• Lenssen-Erz et al. (2023) report results of the analysis of the Late Stone Age engravings of animal tracks and human footprints from the Doro! nawas mountains (Namibia) by Ju/’hoansi tracking experts, providing evidence of inclusion of engravings of tracks of a number of animal species that don't occur in the region in the present, and indicating that the engravings are not generic forms, include markers of sex and age, and reveal divergent preferences and priorities of the engravers in the depiction of animal tracks and human footprints.^[128]
• A study of ancient DNA supports or confirms^[129] that recent human evolution to resist infection of pathogens also increased inflammatory disease risk in post-Neolithic Europeans over the last 10,000 years, estimating nature, strength, and time of onset of selections.^[130]
• Archaeologists report the earliest evidence of bow and arrow use outside Africa (see also 12 Jun 20) – ~54,000 years ago in France, showing the earliest known H. sapiens to migrate into Neandertal territories used these technologies.^[131]

• Paleoneurologists publish the first neuroevolutionary timeline about correlations of changes in the shape of the cerebral cortex and functions, showing "variability in surface geometry relates to species' ecology and behaviour" and cognition. It characterizes many of the neuromorphological events in the origin of distinct human intelligence over the past 77 million years.^[132]

• Genetic anthropologists report a more complex pathway of human evolution using ancient genomes and new models. They conclude humans evolved from different places and times in Africa, instead of from a single location and period of time.^[134][133]
• A phylogenetic study proposes a hybrid of the farming and steppe hypotheses for the origin of Indo-European languages, contradicting elements of both.^[135]
• Researchers report a theory linking a reduction in prey size in the Paleolithic to the evolution of technologies and cognitive abilities as they had to change their behaviors, skills, weapons, and strategies.^[136]
• The world's oldest wooden construction, discovered in 2019 in Zambia and dating back ~476,000 years, is reported. It represents an unexpected early capacity to shape tree trunks into large combined structures, changing views of the technical cognition of early hominins.^[137][138]

Rodent research

• Crespo et al. (2023) describe a diverse Early Miocene dormice assemblage from the Ribesalbes-Alcora Basin (Spain), including several taxa reported for the first time from the studied basin.^[163]
• A study on the dietary habits of extinct squirrels, as indicated by tooth morphology of extant and extinct taxa, is published by Menéndez et al. (2023).^[164]
• Sinitsa, Tleuberdina & Pita (2023) describe fossil material of Sinotamias orientalis from the Miocene Pavlodar (Gusinyi Perelet) fossil site in northern Kazakhstan, documenting previously unknown skull features of Sinotamias, and interpret the anatomy of the studied fossils as suggestive of a close phylogenetic relationship between Sinotamias and extant antelope squirrels and members of the genus Callospermophilus.^[165]
• Sinitsa & Tesakov (2023) describe fossil material of squirrels from the Miocene strata from the Tagay site (Olkhon Island, Russia), interpreted as indicative of the presence of wooded biotopes, and including fossil material of Blackia cf. miocaenica, found more than 4000 km from the previously known easternmost occurrences of Blackia.^[166]
• A study aiming to determine the locomotor behaviour of Diamantomys luederitzi on the basis of its skull and distal humerus morphologies is published by Bento Da Costa, Bardin & Senut (2023), who find evidence for fossorial, terrestrial and arboreal behaviour in different analyses, possibly indicative of a generalist lifestyle and/or intraspecific variation.^[167]
• The first description of the endocast of Prospaniomys priscus is presented by Arnaudo & Arnal (2023).^[168]
• Fossil tetrapod burrows, interpreted as produced by a communal species (most likely a member of the genus Lagostomus), are described from the Cerro Azul Formation (Argentina) by Cardonatto, Feola & Melchor (2023), who name a new ichnotaxon Maneraichnus pampeanum.^[169]
• Lechner & Böhme (2023) describe the extensive set of dental remains of Euroxenomys minutus from the Hammerschmiede clay pit (Germany), representing the largest set of the fossil material of this beaver from the Miocene, and interpret the studied material as indicative of mortality patterns of E. minutus from rivulets, rivers and swamps, which differs from the fossil record of Steneofiber depereti which shows evidence of different mortality patterns in different environments, and might indicate differences in the ecology of the two beaver species and greater vulnerability of E. minutus to predation.^[170]
• Evidence indicating that skull and postcranial morphology of Castor californicus falls largely within the range of variation seen within the North American beaver is presented by Lubbers & Samuels (2023), who interpret their findings as consistent with C. californicus and the North American beaver representing chronospecies, and confirming that the studied beavers can be considered ecological analogs.^[171]
• A study on tooth wear stages in blind mole-rats from the Pliocene sites in Greece and Turkey, and on their implications for blind mole-rat taxonomy, is published by Skandalos & van den Hoek Ostende (2023), who consider Pliospalax sotirisi to be a junior synonym of P. macoveii.^[172]
• Patnaik et al. (2023) describe new fossil material of the rhizomyine species Rhizomyides lydekkeri from the late Pliocene Siwalik localities Khetpurali and Kanthro (India), consider R. saketiensis to be a junior synonym of R. lydekkeri, interpret R. lydekkeri as moderately fossorial, and study the phylogenetic affinities of this rodent, recovering it as a member of a grade of late Miocene and Pliocene members of the genus Rhizomyides from the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan.^[173]
• Xie, Zhang & Li (2023) describe large-sized hamster material from the Middle Pleistocene Locality 2 of Shanyangzhai (Hebei, China), interpreted as remains of the greater long-tailed hamster, and reinterpret Cricetinus varians as a subspecies of the greater long-tailed hamster, resulting in a new combination Tscherskia triton varians.^[174]
• The first Pliocene sigmodontines found in South America outside Argentina, representing the oldest known records of the genera Zygodontomys and Oligoryzomys, are reported from the San Gregorio Formation (Venezuela) by Ronez et al. (2023), who interpret this finding as supporting the possibility of a dispersal of the ancestors of sigmodontines into South America through the Antilles corridor, as well as potentially supporting the existence of open landscapes allowing the interchange between north and south portions of South America during the Neogene.^[175]
• Sehgal et al. (2023) describe a new assemblage of Miocene rodents from the Siwalik site of Dunera (India), including fossil material which might extend known age ranges of Progonomys cf. hussaini and cf. Tamias urialis.^[176]
• Winkler (2023) describes new fossil material of late Miocene and early Pliocene rodents from the Tugen Hills (Kenya), including some of the earliest records of members of the genera Paraxerus, Arvicanthis, either Grammomys or Thallomys and possibly also Heliosciurus.^[177]

Miscellaneous euarchontoglires research

• López-Torres et al. (2023) present the first virtual endocast of an anagalid (the holotype of Anagale gobiensis), reporting evidence of the presence of traits observed in fossorial mammals, and of relatively large olfactory bulbs suggesting that A. gobiensis was olfaction-driven.^[182]
• A study on the morphology of the mandibles of members of the stem group of Glires from the Paleocene of China, providing evidence of diversification and specialization of chewing modes interpreted as indicative of different dietary specializations, is published by Fostowicz-Frelik, Cox & Li (2023).^[183]
• Evidence from ancient DNA interpreted as supporting the placement of the Sardinian pika in an independent sister group to the family Ochotonidae is presented by Utzeri et al. (2023).^[184]
• A study on the bone histology of the Sardinian pika specimens from the Late Pleistocene Grotta della Medusa, providing evidence of weaning of pups at large size, delayed maturation and minimum lifespan of 8 years, is published by Fernández-Bejarano et al. (2023).^[185]
• A study on the structure of the bony labyrinth of Megalagus turgidus, interpreted as indicative of rabbit-like hearing sensitivity and locomotor behavior, is published by López-Torres et al. (2023).^[186]
• A study on the bone histology of Nuralagus rex, providing evidence of slow growth and delayed maturity, is published by Köhler et al. (2023).^[187]
• The first frozen mummy of an adult Pleistocene hare Lepus tanaiticus is described from Sakha (Russia) by Boeskorov, Chernova & Shchelchkova (2023).^[188]
• Evidence from mitochondrial DNA interpreted as indicating that "Lepus tanaiticus" represents an ancient morphotype of the mountain hare rather than a distinct species is presented by Rabiniak et al. (2023).^[189]
• White et al. (2023) present the virtual endocast of a specimen of Niptomomys cf. N. doreenae from the Paleocene of Wyoming (United States), and interpret the anatomy of the brain of this plesiadapiform as consistent with the interpretations of plesiadapiforms as being more olfaction-focused than euprimates.^[190]
• A study on the distal phalanx morphology in plesiadapiforms is published by Maiolino et al. (2023), who report the presence of morphological similarities to extant mammals adapted to vertical climbing, as well as evidence of adaptations to different ways of grasping tree branches when climbing in different plesiadapiform taxa.^[191]

Cetaceans

More information Name, Novelty ...

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Brevirostrodelphis[192]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Calvert Formation	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Delphinida. The type species is "Delphinodon" dividum True (1912).
Cammackacetus[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Tortonian)	St. Marys Formation	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Delphinida. The type species is C. hazenorum.
Caolodelphis[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Calvert Formation	United States ( Maryland)	A toothed whale of uncertain affinities. The type species is C. milleri.
Charadrobalaena[193]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bisconti et al.	Pliocene		Italy	A member of the family Balaenidae. The type species is C. valentinae.
Coronodon newtonorum[194]	Sp. nov	Valid	Boessenecker, Beatty & Geisler	Oligocene	Chandler Bridge Formation	United States ( South Carolina)
Coronodon planifrons[194]	Sp. nov	Valid	Boessenecker, Beatty & Geisler	Oligocene	Chandler Bridge Formation	United States ( South Carolina)
Crisocetus[195]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gaetán, Paolucci & Buono	Miocene	Gaiman Formation	Argentina	A toothed whale with anatomical similarities to members of the family Squaloziphiidae. The type species is C. lydekkeri.
Diaphorocetus ortegai[196]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lambert et al.	Miocene	Chilcatay Formation	Peru	A member of the stem group of Physeteroidea.
Enigmatocetus[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene	Calvert Formation	United States ( Virginia)	A toothed whale of uncertain affinities. The type species is E. posidoni.
Grimadelphis[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene	Calvert Formation	United States ( Maryland)	A member of the family Platanistidae. The type species is G. spectorum.
Herbeinodelphis[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Serravallian)	Calvert Formation	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Delphinida. The type species is H. nancei.
Ihlengesi changoensis[197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bianucci et al.	Plio-Pleistocene	Iquique Basin	Pacific Ocean off the Chilean coast	A beaked whale.
Jobancetus[198]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kimura, Hasegawa & Suzuki	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Minamishirado Formation	Japan	A baleen whale of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species J. pacificus. Published online in 2022, but the issue date is listed as January 2023.[198]
Miminiacetus[192]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Langhian and Serravallian)	Calvert Formation	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Delphinida. The type species is "Lophocetus" pappus Kellogg (1955).
Nihohae[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Coste, Fordyce & Loch	Oligocene		New Zealand	A dolphin related to "waipatiids". The type species is N. matakoi.
Nihoroa[200]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Coste, Fordyce & Loch	Oligocene	Otekaike Limestone	New Zealand	A member of Waipatiidae. The type species is N. reimaea.
Olympicetus thalassodon[201]	Sp. nov	Valid	Velez-Juarbe	Oligocene	Pysht Formation	United States ( Washington)	A member of the family Simocetidae.
Perucetus[202]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bianucci et al.	Eocene (Bartonian)	Paracas Formation	Peru	A basilosaurid. The type species is P. colossus.
Pictodelphis[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Langhian)	Calvert Formation	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Delphinida. The type species is P. kidwellae.
Platysvercus[203]	Gen. et sp. nov		Guo & Kohno	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Sugota Formation	Japan	A member of the family Kentriodontidae. The type species is P. ugonis.
Pomatodelphis santamaria[192]	Sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Tortonian)	St. Marys Formation	United States ( Maryland)
Squalodon murdochi[192]	Sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Langhian)	Calvert Formation	United States ( Maryland)
Tutcetus[204]	Gen. et sp. nov		Antar et al.	Eocene	Fayum Depression	Egypt	A basilosaurid. The type species is T. rayanensis
Westmorelandelphis[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godfrey & Lambert	Miocene (Serravallian)	Choptank Formation	United States ( Virginia)	A member of Delphinida. The type species is W. tacheroni.
Xenorophus simplicidens[205]	Sp. nov		Boessenecker & Geisler	Oligocene	Chandler Bridge Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	A member of Xenorophidae.

Close

Other artiodactyls

More information Name, Novelty ...

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Bos primigenius thrinacius[219]	Ssp. nov		Siarabi et al.	Pleistocene		Greece	A subspecies of the aurochs.
Dama celiae[220]	Sp. nov		van der Made et al.	Pleistocene		Spain	A species of fallow-deer.
Entelodontellus[221]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yu et al.	Eocene	Caijiachong Formation	China	An entelodont. The type species is E. zhouliangi.
Gazellospira tsaparangensis[222]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Li & Tseng	Pliocene	Zanda Basin	China	A twisted-horned antelope.
Hispanomeryx linxiaensis[223]	Sp. nov		Aiglstorfer et al.	Miocene	Linxia Basin	China	A member of the family Moschidae.
Lophiomeryx triangularis[224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Wang & Zhang	Oligocene		China	A member of Tragulina belonging to the family Lophiomerycidae.
"Micromeryx" caoi[223]	Sp. nov		Aiglstorfer et al.	Miocene	Linxia Basin	China	A member of the family Moschidae.
Obotherium[225]	Gen. et sp. nov		Bai et al.	Eocene	Irdin Manha Formation	China	A member of the family Tapirulidae. The type species is O. parvum, also includes new species O. tongi.
Ovis gracilis[226]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vislobokova	Pleistocene		Crimea	A species of Ovis.
Paracamelus qiui[227]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu, Hou & Zhang	Miocene	Yushe Basin	China  Russia  Ukraine
Stevenscamelus[228]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Prothero, Beatty & Marriott	Eocene (Chadronian)		United States ( Texas)	A member of the family Camelidae belonging to the subfamily Floridatragulinae. The type species is "Poebrotherium" franki Wilson (1974).
Tapiruloides[225]	Gen. et sp. nov		Bai et al.	Eocene	Shara Murun Formation	China	A member of the family Tapirulidae. The type species is T. usuensis.
Tavridia[229]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vislobokova	Pleistocene		Crimea	A member of the tribe Antilopini. The type species is T. gromovi.
Tragoportax perses[230]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orak, Kostopoulos & Ataabadi	Miocene		Iran	A member of the family Bovidae belonging to the subfamily Bovinae and the tribe Tragoportacini.
Turcocerus africanus[231]	Sp. nov		Geraads, McCrossin & Benefit	Miocene		Kenya	A bovid.
Umbrotherium engesserii[232]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pandolfi & Rook	Miocene (Turolian)		Italy	A member of the family Giraffidae.
Ustatochoerus tedfordi[233]	Sp. nov	Valid	Skeels Stevens et al.	Hemingfordian	Runningwater Formation	United States ( Nebraska)	An oreodont.

Close

Carnivoran research

• Morlo et al. (2023) describe amphicyonid fossil material from the Miocene site Napudet (Emunyan Beds; Kenya), including a molar of a large-bodied amphicyonid, interpreted as likely distinct from Cynelos jitu and probably belonging to the genus Myacyon.^[273]
• Varajão de Latorre (2023) compares the bacula of five species of borophagine canids with those of extant canids, and interprets their anatomy as indicating that borophagines had long copulatory durations and spontaneous ovulation, similar to those occurring in extant canines.^[274]
• A study on the morphology of the frontal sinuses of Eucyon adoxus, E. davisi and E. monticinensis is published by Frosali et al. (2023), who report that E. adoxus had frontal sinuses with adaptations to high stresses during feeding similar to adaptations present in hypercarnivorous canids that cooperatively hunt large prey, in spite of its overall craniodental morphology being suggestive of feeding on small prey.^[275]
• Partial left hindlimb assigned to cf. Aenocyon dirus is reported from the Upper Pleistocene deposits from the QM38 site in Quebrada Maní (Pampa del Tamarugal basin, Atacama Desert, northern Chile) by Caro et al. (2023), representing the only large predator in its ecosystem reported to date.^[276]
• Reynolds et al. (2023) confirm the identification of the dentary of a dire wolf reported from the Surprise Bluff locality in the Medicine Hat Buried Valley system (Alberta, Canada), representing the northernmost known occurrence of the species in North America.^[277]
• Martínez-Navarro et al. (2023) report the discovery of Early Pleistocene fossil material of the Ethiopian wolf from the Melka Wakena site-complex (Ethiopia), representing the first appearance of this species in the fossil record reported to date.^[278]
• Revision of the systematics of large canids from the Pleistocene of South America is published by Prevosti (2023), who synonymizes Protocyon orcesi with Protocyon troglodytes and Canis nehringi with Aenocyon dirus, transfers "Theriodictis" tarijensis to the genus Protocyon, and excludes "Canis" gezi from the genus Canis.^[279]
• A study on the brain anatomy and likely foraging ecology of Potamotherium is published by Lyras et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicating that Potamotherium likely relied on its whiskers to sense its environment when foraging.^[280]
• A study on the ecomorphology of percrocutoids, as inferred from postcanine teeth, is published by Pérez-Claros (2023).^[281]
• A study on the ecomorphology of Ictitherium viverrinum and Hyaenictitherium wongii is published by Kargopoulos et al. (2023), who consider both species to occupy a niche similar to that of extant coyote and to be likely engaged in interspecific competition.^[282]
• Evidence indicating that machairodontines were an exception to the general tendency of the smaller-sized members of groups of closely related species to have proportionally shorter rostra and larger braincases is presented by Tamagnini et al. (2023).^[283]
• A study on the elbow joint of Miracinonyx trumani is published by Figueirido et al. (2023), who find that M. trumani had an elbow morphology intermediate to that of extant cougar and extant cheetah, and argue that M. trumani was not as specialized as the cheetah for deploying a predatory behaviour based on fast running.^[284]
• A study on the mandible size variability in Panthera spelaea from the Pleistocene of Northern Eurasia is published by Puzachenko & Baryshnikov (2023), who interpret their findings as confirming the presence of sexual size dimorphism in cave lions, and supporting the subspecies status of the Beringian lion (Panthera spelaea vereshchagini).^[285]
• Purported large-bodied lion skull reported from the Pleistocene Natodomeri site (Kenya)^[286] is argued by Sherani & Sherani (2023) to have affinities with Panthera spelaea fossilis.^[287]
• A study on the evolutionary history of the tiger, as indicated by genomic data from ancient or historical (100–10,000 years old) specimens collected across mainland Asia, is published by Sun et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicating that Southwest China was a Late Pleistocene refugium for a relic basal tiger lineage, as well as indicative of a post-glaciation admixture of divergent lineages of South China tigers which took place in Eastern China.^[288]
• Deutsch et al. (2023) compare the hyoid elements of specimens of Smilodon fatalis and Panthera atrox from the La Brea Tar Pits with those of extant felids, and argue that the vocalizations P. atrox likely resembled those of extant pantherines, including having the ability to roar, while the vocalizations of S. fatalis are harder to determine, possibly more similar to that of purring cats than roaring cats, but produced at a lower frequency.^[289]
• Gross et al. (2023) describe coprolites from the Miocene Gratkorn site (Austria), interpreted as likely produced by members of the genera Protictitherium and Albanosmilus, and suggesting that Protictitherium mostly fed on small vertebrates, while Albanosmilus was a hypercarnivore.^[290]
• A study on the diversity of the Vallesian carnivorans from the Catalan locality of Can Llobateres 1, providing evidence of a major influx of carnivorans during the early Vallesian and evidence of the collapse of the studied fauna during the mid-Vallesian turnover, is published by Madern et al. (2023).^[291]
• Sianis et al. (2023) describe an assemblage of Early Pleistocene carnivorans from the Karnezeika locality (Greece), including new fossil material of the mustelid Baranogale helbingi, and providing evidence of the presence of Pachycrocuta brevirostris in southeastern Europe before the Olduvai subchron, similarly to western Europe.^[292]
• One of the richest (in terms of both specimens and number of species) carnivoran assemblages from the Early Pleistocene of Europe reported to date is described from the Grăunceanu site (Romania) by Werdelin et al. (2023).^[293]
• Schmökel, Farrell & Balisi (2023) report evidence of high prevalence of subchondral defects resembling osteochondritis dissecans in the femoral and humeral joint surfaces of specimens of Aenocyon dirus and Smilodon fatalis from the La Brea Tar Pits.^[294]

Chiropteran research

• Fossil material of three taxa of bats (Antrozous cf. pallidus, a mouse-eared bat and a free-tailed bat approximately the size of the extant big free-tailed bat) is reported from the Miocene (Clarendonian) Ogallala Formation (Oklahoma, United States) by Czaplewski & Smith (2023), representing the only pre-Quaternary bats from Oklahoma reported to date.^[302]
• The first skull material of Eptesicus praeglacialis is described from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Taurida cave (Crimea) by Lopatin (2023).^[303]

Eulipotyphlan research

• Revision of the erinaceid and dimylid material from the late Miocene localities in Slovakia, including the first description of the deciduous premolars of Lantanotherium, is published by Cailleux, van den Hoek Ostende & Joniak (2023).^[306]
• Systematic revision of the Cuban species belonging to the genus Nesophontes is published by Orihuela León (2023).^[307]

Perissodactyl research

• Kampouridis, Rățoi & Ursachi (2023) describe new chalicothere material from the Miocene Pogana 1 locality (Romania), and identify the locality as one of the few confirmed cases of the cooccurrence of schizotheriine and chalicotheriine chalicotheres.^[316]
• Pandolfi et al. (2023) describe new fossil material of Tapirus arvernensis from the Pliocene locality of Camp dels Ninots (Spain) and interpret T. arvernensis as a close relative of the Malayan tapir.^[317]
• Description of a new skull of Zaisanamynodon borisovi from the Eocene Aksyir Svita (Kazakhstan) and a new skull of Metamynodon planifrons from the Oligocene Brule Formation (South Dakota, United States), as well as a study on the phylogenetic relationships of amynodontids, is published by Veine-Tonizzo et al. (2023).^[318]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of rhinoceroses belonging to the group Aceratheriinae is published by Lu, Deng & Pandolfi (2023).^[319]
• A study on the reproductive strategy of Plesiaceratherium gracile is published by Lu et al. (2023), who report evidence of singleton pregnancy, suckling for 2–3 years and sexual maturity by approximately 5 years of age, and postulate that the evolution of litter size in odd-toed ungulates is determined by singleton pregnancy since the Eocene.^[320]
• Revision of the chilothere aceratheriine taxa from the Upper Miocene of Samos (Greece), supporting the validity of Chilotherium schlosseri and Eochilotherium samium as well as their separation on a generic level, is published by Kampouridis et al. (2023).^[321]
• Redescription of "Dicerorhinus" cixianensis is published by Li & Deng (2023), who transfer this species to the genus Lartetotherium.^[322]
• A skull of a rhinoceros is described from the late Neogene Qin Basin (Shanxi, China) by Shi et al. (2023), who assign this skull to the species Dihoplus ringstroemi, and confirm that D. ringstroemi was a distinct species.^[323]
• Belyaev et al. (2023) report the discovery of the nasal horn of a woolly rhinoceros from the permafrost of Sakha (Russia), with the shape of the base corresponding well to the shape of the nasal rugosity area, and argue that the narrower shape of the horn base in the previously found specimens was associated with damage after burial.^[324]
• Yuan et al. (2023) generate four mitogenomes from Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros from Northern China, report evidence of higher genetic diversity of Chinese woolly rhinoceros compared to Siberian ones, and report that one of the studied samples represent a lineage that diverged close to the timing of the first appearance of the species, where the other three samples represent a lineage also known from the Wrangel Island (Russia).^[325]
• Seeber et al. (2023) use genomic data from cave hyena coprolites from Middle Palaeolithic layers in Bockstein-Loch and Hohlenstein-Stadel caves (Germany) to assemble the first European woolly rhinoceros mitogenomes, and interpret the studied mitogenomes as genetically distinct from those of the Siberian woolly rhinoceros, and possibly indicative of a split of the populations coinciding with the earliest records of woolly rhinoceros in Europe.^[326]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of Eurasian Quaternary rhinoceroses is published by Pandolfi (2023).^[327]
• Revision of the fossil material of early Eocene hippomorphs from the Paris Barin (France) is published by Bronnert & Métais (2023), who provide evidence of differences between the faunas of Southern and Northern Europe at the very beginning of the Eocene, as well as evidence of homogenization of these faunas and evidence of faunal turnover between the sites close to MP7 and those close to MP8-9.^[328]
• A study on the evolution of body size in brontotheres is published by Sanisidro, Mihlbachler & Cantalapiedra (2023), who interpret their findings as indicative of higher survival of larger lineages resulting from reduced competition with other herbivores.^[329]
• Evidence indicating that Miocene hipparions from Maragheh (Iran) were either grass-dominated mixed feeders or grazers is presented by Niknahad et al. (2023).^[330]
• Description of new fossil material of hipparionines from the late Miocene to early Pliocene deposits of the Haritalyangar area (Himachal Pradesh, India), including the first record of Proboscidipparion from the Siwaliks, is published by Sankhyan et al. (2023).^[331]
• A study on the Hipparion tracks from the Laetoli site (Tanzania), and on their implications for the knowledge of digit loss in the evolutionary history of horses, is published by Vincelette et al. (2023), who find no evidence that distal portions of the accessory digits are retained in the feet of modern horses, argue that absence of frog impressions in Laetoli trackways does not prove the absence of a frog by itself, and report evidence of the presence of frog impressions in other footprints of tridactyl equids.^[332]
• Revision of the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene hipparionin equid species from western Eurasia is published by Cirilli et al. (2023).^[333]
• Singh et al. (2023) describe fossil material of a horse from the Upper Siwaliks of India, and interpret its anatomy as consistent with that of Equus sivalensis, extending the temporal distribution of this species into the latest Pliocene.^[334]
• Revision of Equus major, based on data from fossil material from the Early Pleistocene sites Pardines and Senèze (France), is published by Cirilli, Saarinen & Bernor (2023), who interpret E. major as larger than any other Early Pleistocene Eurasian species belonging to the genus Equus, comparable in size with Equus suessenbornensis, with a browse-dominated to mixed-feeding diet.^[335]

Miscellaneous laurasiatherian research

• Carrillo et al. (2023) describe new fossil material of Megadolodus molariformis and Neodolodus colombianus from La Victoria and Villavieja formations (Colombia) and study the phylogenetic affinities of Megadolodus and Neodolodus, recovering them as closely related within the litopternan family Proterotheriidae.^[344]
• A study aiming to determine the optimal neck posture of Macrauchenia patachonica is published by Blanco, Yorio & Montenegro (2023).^[345]
• The first description of the atlas of Macrauchenia patachonica is published by Püschel & Martinelli (2023).^[346]
• Nelson, Engelman & Croft (2023) provide new estimates of body mass of 10 species of notoungulates.^[347]
• Revision of the fossil material and the systematic status of Peripantostylops and Othnielmarshia is published by Vera & Mones (2023).^[348]
• Systematic revisions of the species belonging to the genus Protypotherium are published by Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño (2023).^[349][350]
• Systematic revision of the genera Icochilus and Interatherium is published by Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño (2023), who consider Icochilus to be a junior synonym of Interatherium, conclude that the genus Interatherium comprises the species I. rodens and I. extensus with wide geographic and temporal distribution, and find that the Santa Cruz Formation cannot be subdivided based on the presence or absence of any species of Interatherium.^[351]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of mesotheriid notoungulates is published by Armella & Deforel (2023).^[352]
• A study on the bone histology of Caraguatypotherium munozi, providing evidence of inter-skeletal variation on bone growth rates and marked cyclical growth, is published by Campos-Medina et al. (2023).^[353]
• Fernández-Monescillo et al. (2023) interpret the anatomical variation observed in mesotheres from Monte Hermoso (Argentina) as consistent with ontogenetic and individual variation within a single species Pseudotypotherium exiguum.^[354]
• Redescription and a study on the affinities of Tegehotherium burmeisteri is published by Seoane, Cerdeño & Gaetano (2023), who name new clades Hemihegetotheriomorpha and Pachyrukhini.^[355]
• Revision of the litoptern and notoungulate fossil material from the Pampean Region of Argentina present in the Santiago Roth Collections housed in Geneva and Zurich, providing new information on the anatomy of Macrauchenia patachonica, is published by Carrillo & Püschel (2023).^[356]
• Vera & Reguero (2023) revise the fossil material of Paleogene South American native ungulates from the lower level of Cerro Pan de Azúcar (Argentina) collected by Santiago Roth in 1897, describe additional specimens from other historical collections from sites in the Chubut river valley, and reevalute the taxonomy of the species endemic to the Cerro Pan de Azúcar locality, interpreting Monolophodon minutum as a junior synonym of Henricosbornia lophodonta.^[357]
• Matsui & Pyenson (2023) describe a molar of a member of the genus Desmostylus from the Miocene (Aquitanian) Skooner Gulch Formation (California, United States), providing evidence that the specialized columnar teeth morphology of Desmostylus persisted for more than 15 million years.^[358]
• Bertrand et al. (2023) describe virtual endocasts of members of the genus Trogosus from the middle Eocene of North America, and report the presence of characteristics that could unite Tillodontia with Pantodonta and Arctocyonidae, probable adaptations to terrestrial lifestyle, and a relatively small neocortex which could have negatively impacted the abilities of Trogosus to compete with artiodactyls and avoid predation.^[359]
• Solé et al. (2023) reinstate Hyaenodictis as a genus distinct from Dissacus, and describe new fossil material of Hyaenodictis raslanloubatieri and H. rougierae from the Eocene (Ypresian) sites of La Borie and Palette (France), providing evidence that these mesonychids were digitigrade in posture and relatively cursorial in locomotion.^[360]
• Kort & Jones (2023) study the mobility of lumbar vertebrae of Patriofelis and Limnocyon, and interpret their findings as indicating that the revolute, interlocking zygapophyses of the studied vertebrae did not restrict dorsoventral flexion and extension of the spine, and their more likely function was to stabilize lumbar vertebrae against shear forces and disarticulation.^[361]

Cingulatan research

• A study on the skull anatomy of specimens of Glyptodon, Doedicurus, Neosclerocalyptus and Panochthus from the Pampean Region of Argentina present in the Santiago Roth Collections housed in Europe is published by Christen, Sánchez-Villagra & Le Verger (2023), who evaluate the implications of the studied cranial characters to evolutionary hypotheses concerning relationships among Pleistocene glyptodonts.^[364]
• Troyelli et al. (2023) present the first digital reconstruction of the endocranial cavity of Propalaehoplophorus australis.^[365]
• Fossil material of Glyptotherium cylindricum representing the most complete Central American glyptodontine material reported to date is described from the latest Pleistocene of Guatemala by Cuadrelli et al. (2023).^[366]
• Barasoain et al. (2023) describe new fossil material of Epipeltephilus kanti from the Miocene Loma de Las Tapias Formation (Argentina), representing the youngest record of Peltephilidae reported to date.^[367]
• New collection of dasypodid osteoderms, identified as belonging to armadillos with strong affinities with taxa from Late Miocene localities in northwestern Argentina, is described from the Miocene Toro Negro Formation (La Rioja Province, Argentina) by Brandoni, Barasoain & González Ruiz (2023).^[368]
• A study on the shape variation of osteoderms of members of Dasypodini is published by Salgado-Ahumada et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as supporting the referral of disarticulated osteoderms from the Guanaco and Ituzaingó formations (Argentina) to the genus Dasypus, confirming its presence in the late Miocene.^[369]

Pilosan research

• A study on the dietary adaptations of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene giant ground sloths belonging to the families Nothrotheriidae, Megatheridae, Mylodontidae and Megalonychidae is published by Dantas, Campbell & McDonald (2023).^[370]
• Evidence of niche differentiation between extinct giant sloths from the Late Pleistocene of the Brazilian Intertropical Region is presented by Santos, Mcdonald & Dantas (2023), who interpret megalonychids and nothrotheriids as mainly climbers, mylodontines as mainly diggers, and scelidotheres and megatheriids as strictly terrestrial.^[371]
• Varela et al. (2023) study the mandibles of fossil sloths, modeling the actions of the major muscles involved in mastication, and report that stress distribution and strain energy values differed between taxa predicted to be grazers and those predicted to be browsers; the authors also report findings indicating that sloths which had first tooth with a caniniform morphology did not use it for strenuous activities such as food processing.^[372]
• Miño-Boilini & Brandoni (2023) identify fossil material of a member of the genus Nematherium from the Honda Group (Colombia), extending known geographic range of members of this genus into the northern part of South America.^[373]
• Description of the skull anatomy of Schismotherium fractum is published by Gaudin et al. (2023), who confirm that S. fractum was a taxon distinct from Pelecyodon cristatus.^[374]
• Fossil material of a juvenile megalonychid, interpreted as likely belonging to the species Ahytherium aureum and bearing marks indicating that it was fed on (and possibly predated on) by a large felid, is described from the Engrunado cave (Bahia, Brazil) by da Costa et al. (2023).^[375]
• De Iuliis et al. (2023) consider Eucholoeops fronto and E. lafonei to be likely junior synonyms of Eucholoeops ingens, and consider Eucholoeops latifrons to be likely distinct from E. ingens.^[376]
• A well-preserved fetus of Nothrotherium maquinense is described from the Toca da Boa Vista cave (Brazil) by Pujos et al. (2023), who interpret the studied specimen as indicating that N. maquinense gave birth to a single offspring at a time, that the newborn was approximately one-third the length of its mother, and that the newborn was likely already capable of feeding on solid food after a short period of lactation.^[377]