Earth

Many works of science fiction focus on the outer space, but many others still take place on Earth; this distinction has been subject to debates among the science fiction authors, visible for example in J. G. Ballard's 1962 essay Which Way to Inner Space?. Some critics of the "outer space adventures" have pointed to the importance of "earthly" concepts and imagery closer to contemporary readers' everyday experience.^{[2]: 228 [10]} While it has been argued that a planet can be considered "too large, and its lifetime too long, to be comfortably accommodated within fiction as a topic in its own right," this has not prevented some writers from engaging with said topic.^{[lower-alpha 1][1]: 138 [11]}

Some works that focus on Earth as an entity have been influenced by holistic, "big picture" concepts such as the Gaia hypothesis, noosphere and the Omega Point, and the popularizing of the photography of Earth from space.^[1]: 138 Others works have addressed the concept of Earth as a Goddess Gaia^{[lower-alpha 2]} (from Greek mythology; another prominent goddess of Earth whose name influenced science fiction was the Roman Terra or Tellus^[4]: 41). Bridging these ideas, and treating Earth as a semi-biological or even sentient entity, are classic works like Arthur Conan Doyle's When the World Screamed (1928) and Jack Williamson's Born of the Sun (1934).^[2]: 227

Shape

Depictions of the Earth as being flat are uncommon in modern works, the sphericity of the planet having been proved around 200 B.C. by Archimedes and Eratosthenes. Exceptions to this include Terry Pratchett's satirical Discworld series—which was inspired by Hindu cosmology—and deliberately provocative works like S. Fowler Wright's novel Beyond the Rim from 1932.^{[1]: 137–138 [2]: 226} There have also been fictional accounts of a hollow Earth, such as Edgar Allan Poe's 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket inspired by John Cleves Symmes Jr.'s model featuring openings at the north and south poles whereby the interior can be accessed.^[1]: 137 A few writers have likewise engaged with another old fringe theory, that of Counter-Earth – a hypothetical body of the Solar System that orbits on the other side of the solar system from Earth.^{[lower-alpha 3][2]: 227}

Many stories portray Earth as known to modern science, but the exploration of its subterrean depths, relatively consistent with the knowledge of modern geology, is still subject to a number of works. Brian Stableford listed among "notable accounts of burrowing expeditions" into such an Earth works such as Harry Harrison's "Rock Diver" (1951).^[1]: 138

Planetary engineering

Large scale planetary engineering includes ideas such as adjusting the Earth's axial tilt,^{[lower-alpha 4]} or moving the Earth from its orbit.^{[lower-alpha 5][1]: 138–139} Some works deal with geoengineering, a term usually referred to large-scale projects attempting to deal with the problem of climate change; a theme common in many works of climate fiction.^[13] In the extreme case, Earth can be consumed in its entirety, all of its mass repurposed in construction of megastructures such as a Dyson sphere.^{[lower-alpha 6][2]: 227}

The end of Earth

Various versions of the future of Earth have been imagined. Some works focus on the end of the planet; those have been written in all forms – some focused on "ostentatious mourning";^{[lower-alpha 7]} others more of a slapstick comedy;^{[lower-alpha 8]} yet others take this opportunity to explore themes of astronomy or sociology.^{[lower-alpha 9][14][1]: 139} The genre of climate fiction can often mix the themes of near and far future consequences of the climate change, whether anthropogenic^{[lower-alpha 10]} or accidental.^{[lower-alpha 11][13][2]: 227} In other works, often found in the apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction and the Dying Earth genres, Earth has been destroyed or at least ruined for generations to come; many such works are therefore set in the background of Earth changed into a wasteland.^{[lower-alpha 12]} Some of the works in these genres overlap with the climate change genre, as climate change and resulting ecological disasters are a commonly used plot device for events that trigger the fall of human civilization (other plots involve the destruction of Earth from human warfare, alien invasions,^{[lower-alpha 13]} or from various sorts of man-made incidents^{[lower-alpha 14]} or accidental disasters).^{[13][16][17][2]: 227–228} Many such works, set either during the disaster, or in its aftermath, are metaphors for environmental concerns or otherwise warnings about issues the writers think humanity needs to be concerned about.^{[2]: 227 [17]}

One planet among many

For many works set in the far future, Earth is just one of many inhabited planets of a galactic empire, federation or larger civilization, and many similar planets have been found or created (common themes in space opera), all of which challenges the idea of Earth's uniqueness.^{[lower-alpha 15][1]: 139} In some works, Earth is still a center of the known universe, or at least a significant player on the galactic scene.^{[lower-alpha 16][2]: 227} In others, Earth has become of so little importance that it is a mostly forgotten backwards world.^{[lower-alpha 17][1]: 139 [2]: 227 [18]} In Clifford D. Simak's Cemetery World (1973) Earth is a planet-size cemetery and in Gordon R. Dickson's Call Him Lord (1966), a museum.^[2]: 227 At its extreme, in some settings, knowledge of Earth has been simply lost, making it a mythological place, whose existence is questioned by the few who even know the legends about it.^{[lower-alpha 18]} In some of these works, a major plotline can involve future civilizations or intrepid explorers seeking the "lost cradle" or Earth.^{[lower-alpha 19]} Finally, some stories told from the perspective of aliens focus on their discovery of Earth.^{[lower-alpha 20][2]: 228 [21]}

A different history

Some works look backwards – or perhaps sideways, not to the future of Earth, but to its past; here, works of science fiction can overlap with historic fiction as well as prehistoric fiction. This can happen particularly through the genres of alternate history^{[lower-alpha 21]} as well as time travel (where as Gary Westfahl observed, most time travellers travel through time much more than space, visiting the past or future versions of Earth).^[2]: 226