Effective_number_of_parties

Effective number of parties

Effective number of parties

Concept in political party systems

In political science, the effective number of parties is a diversity index introduced by Laakso and Taagepera (1979)[1] which provides for an adjusted number of political parties in a country's party system, weighted by their relative size. The measure is especially useful when comparing party systems across countries.[2]

The size of a party can be measured by either:

  1. The effective number of electoral parties (ENEP) weights parties by their share of the vote.
  2. The effective number of parliamentary parties (ENPP) weights parties by their share of seats in the legislature.

The number of parties equals the effective number of parties only when all parties have equal strength. In any other case, the effective number of parties is lower than the actual number of parties. The effective number of parties is a frequent operationalization for political fragmentation.

Example of how the effective number of parties shows the fragmentation of the Dutch political landscape (1981–2017)

There are several common alternatives for how to define the effective number of parties.[3] John K. Wildgen's index of "hyperfractionalization" accords special weight to small parties.[4] Juan Molinar's index gives special weight to the largest party.[5] Dunleavy and Boucek provide a useful critique of the Molinar index.[6]

Measures

Quadratic

Laakso and Taagepera (1979) were the first to define the effective number of parties using the following formula:

where n is the number of parties with at least one vote/seat and the square of each party's proportion of all votes or seats. This is also the formula for the inverse Simpson index, or the true diversity of order 2. This definition is still the most commonly-used in political science.

This measure is equivalent to the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, used in economics; the Simpson diversity index in ecology; and the inverse participation ratio (IPR) in physics.

Alternatives

An alternative formula was proposed by Grigorii Golosov in 2010.[7]

which is equivalent – if we only consider parties with at least one vote/seat – to

Here, n is the number of parties, the square of each party's proportion of all votes or seats, and is the square of the largest party's proportion of all votes or seats.

Values

The following table illustrates the difference between the values produced by the two formulas for eight hypothetical vote or seat constellations:

More information Constellation, Largest component, fractional share ...

Institutional theory

The effective number of parties can be predicted with the seat product model[8][9] as , where M is the district magnitude and S is the assembly size.

Effective number of parties by country

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

For individual countries the values of effective number of number of parliamentary parties (ENPP) for the last available election is shown.[10] Some of the highest effective number of parties are in Brazil, Belgium, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Parliament has an even higher effective number of parties if national parties are considered, yet a much lower effective number of parties if political groups of the European Parliament are considered.

More information Country, Year ...

See also

References

  1. [1]
    Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979). ""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 12 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/001041407901200101. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 143250203.
  2. [2]
    Lijphart, Arend (1999): Patterns of Democracy. New Haven/London: Yale UP
  3. [3]
    Arend Lijphart (1 January 1994). Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-seven Democracies, 1945–1990. Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-19-827347-9.
  4. [4]
    "The Measurement of Hyperfractionalization". Cps.sagepub.com. 1971-07-01. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  5. [5]
    Molinar, Juan (1 January 1991). "Counting the Number of Parties: An Alternative Index". The American Political Science Review. 85 (4): 1383–1391. doi:10.2307/1963951. JSTOR 1963951. S2CID 154924401.
  6. [6]
    Dunleavy, Patrick; Boucek, Françoise (2003). "Constructing the Number of Parties" (PDF). Party Politics. 9 (3): 291–315. doi:10.1177/1354068803009003002. S2CID 33028828.
  7. [7]
    Golosov, Grigorii V. (2010). "The Effective Number of Parties: A New Approach". Party Politics. 16 (2): 171–192. doi:10.1177/1354068809339538. ISSN 1354-0688. S2CID 144503915.
  8. [8]
    Taagepera, Rein (2007). "Predicting Party Sizes". Oxford University Press
  9. [9]
    Li, Yuhui; Shugart, Matthew S. (2016). "The Seat Product Model of the effective number of parties: A case for applied political science". Electoral Studies. 41: 23–34. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.10.011.
  10. [10]
    "Election Indices" (PDF).
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