Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris

Group of Norwegian dialects

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.[lower-alpha 1]

Quick Facts Native to, Region ...

Phonology

Consonants

  • /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])[4] "the bar".[5][lower-alpha 2]
  • /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].[5]
  • The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.[7]
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.[8] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].[9]
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],[10][11] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].[9]
  • The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.[12][13][14]
  • The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].[13]

Vowels

  • The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.[15][16]
  • The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].[7][17][18] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].[7]
  • Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].[15]
  • The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.[15]
  • Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].[19]
  • The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.[7][8]

Grammar

More information Gender, Singular ...
More information Person, Subjective case ...

Citations

Notes

  1. The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,[2] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.[3]
  2. It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.[6][5]
  3. The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
  4. Only used in Valdres.[21]
  5. Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.[21]
  6. Only used in Hallingdal.[21]
  7. These forms are used interchangeably,[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.[25]
  8. Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.[24]
  9. Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.[24]
  10. Only used in Sør-Aurdal.[24]
  11. In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.[26]
  12. Only used in Hol and Ål.[27]

References

  1. [1]
    Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  2. [2]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
  3. [3]
    Jahr 1990, p. 57.
  4. [4]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
  5. [5]
    Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
  6. [6]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
  7. [7]
    Jahr 1990, p. 58.
  8. [8]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
  9. [9]
    Venås 1977, p. 36.
  10. [10]
    Ross 1907, p. 20.
  11. [11]
    Venås 1977, p. 16.
  12. [12]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
  13. [13]
    Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
  14. [14]
    Venås 1977, p. 48.
  15. [15]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
  16. [16]
    Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
  17. [17]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
  18. [18]
    Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  19. [19]
    Jahr 1990, p. 56.
  20. [20]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
  21. [21]
    Ross 1907, p. 22.
  22. [22]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
  23. [23]
    Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
  24. [24]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
  25. [25]
    Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
  26. [26]
    Kvåle 1999, p. 34.
  27. [27]
    Venås 1977, p. 129.

Literature
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Hallingmål-Valdris, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.