A wide area synchronous grid (also called an "interconnection" in North America) is a three-phase electric power grid that has regional scale or greater that operates at a synchronized utility frequency and is electrically tied together during normal system conditions. Also known as synchronous zones, the most powerful is the Northern Chinese State Grid with 1,700  gigawatts (GW) of generation capacity, while the widest region served is that of the IPS/UPS system serving most countries of the former Soviet Union. Synchronous grids with ample capacity facilitate electricity trading across wide areas. In the ENTSO-E in 2008, over 350,000 megawatt hours were sold per day on the European Energy Exchange (EEX).^[1]

Neighbouring interconnections with the same frequency and standards can be synchronized and directly connected to form a larger interconnection, or they may share power without synchronization via high-voltage direct current power transmission lines (DC ties), solid-state transformers or variable-frequency transformers (VFTs), which permit a controlled flow of energy while also functionally isolating the independent AC frequencies of each side. Each of the interconnects in North America is synchronized at a nominal 60 Hz, while those of Europe run at 50 Hz.

The benefits of synchronous zones include pooling of generation, resulting in lower generation costs; pooling of load, resulting in significant equalizing effects; common provisioning of reserves, resulting in cheaper primary and secondary reserve power costs; opening of the market, resulting in possibility of long term contracts and short term power exchanges; and mutual assistance in the event of disturbances.^[2]

One disadvantage of a wide-area synchronous grid is that problems in one part can have repercussions across the whole grid.

Wide area synchronous networks improve reliability and permit the pooling of resources. Also, they can level out the load, which reduces the required generating capacity, allow more environmentally-friendly power to be employed; allow more diverse power generation schemes and permit economies of scale.^[3]

Wide area synchronous networks cannot be formed if the two networks to be linked are running at different frequencies or have significantly different standards. For example, in Japan, for historical reasons, the northern part of the country operates on 50 Hz, but the southern part uses 60 Hz. That makes it impossible to form a single synchronous network, which was problematic when the Fukushima Daiichi plant melted down.

Also, even when the networks have compatible standards, failure modes can be problematic. Phase and current limitations can be reached, which can cause widespread outages. The issues are sometimes solved by adding HVDC links within the network to permit greater control during off-nominal events.

As was discovered in the California electricity crisis, there can be strong incentives among some market traders to create deliberate congestion and poor management of generation capacity on an interconnection network to inflate prices. Increasing transmission capacity and expanding the market by uniting with neighbouring synchronous networks make such manipulations more difficult.

More information Name, Countries ...

Name	Countries	Covers/Notes	Organization/Company	Generation capacity	Yearly generation	Year/Refs
Northern Chinese State Grid	China	Northern China	State Grid Corporation of China	1700 GW	5830 TWh	2020[7]
Continental Europe (UCTE)	EU (minus Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus and Eastern Denmark)  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Montenegro  North Macedonia  Serbia  Switzerland  Morocco  Algeria  Tunisia  Turkey  Ukraine  Moldova	24 European countries, serving 450 million	ENTSO-E.	859 GW	2569 TWh	2017[8]
Eastern Interconnection	United States  Canada	Eastern US (except most of Texas) and eastern Canada (except Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador)		610 GW	1380 TWh	2017[citation needed]
Indian National Grid	India	Serving over 1.4 billion people		425 GW	1844 TWh	2023[citation needed]
IPS/UPS	Russia  Belarus  Estonia  Latvia  Lithuania  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Tajikistan  Georgia  Azerbaijan  Mongolia	11 countries of former Soviet Union serving 240 million		337 GW	1285 TWh	2005[9][10]
China Southern Power Grid	China	Chinese southern grid		320 GW	1051 TWh	2019[11]
Western Interconnection	United States  Canada  Mexico	Western US, western Canada, and northern Baja California in Mexico		265 GW	883 TWh	2015[12]
National Interconnected System (SIN)	Brazil	Electricity sector in Brazil		150 GW	410 TWh (2007)[citation needed]	2016
Synchronous grid of Northern Europe	Norway  Sweden  Finland  Denmark	Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden-except Gotland, Norway and Eastern Denmark) serving 25 million people		93 GW	390 TWh	[citation needed]
National Grid (Great Britain)	United Kingdom	Great Britain's synchronous zone, serving 65 million	National Grid plc	83 GW (2018)[13]	336 TWh	2017[13]
Iran National Grid	Iran  Armenia  Turkmenistan	Iran and Armenia, serving 84 million people		82 GW		2019[14]
Southern African Power Pool	Angola  Botswana  Democratic Republic of the Congo  Eswatini  Lesotho  Mozambique  Malawi  Namibia  South Africa  Tanzania  Zambia  Zimbabwe	SAPP serves 9 out of 12 SADC countries and small regions of Angola, Malawi, and Tanzania		80.9 GW	289 TWh	2020[15]
Texas Interconnection	United States	Most of Texas; serves 24 million customers	Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)	78 GW	352 TWh (2016)[16]	2018[17]
National Electricity Market	Australia	Australia's States and Territories except for Western Australia and the Northern Territory (Tasmania is part of it but not synchronised)	National Electricity Market	50 GW	196 TWh	2018[18]
Quebec Interconnection	Canada	Quebec	Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie	42 GW	184 TWh	[citation needed]
Java-Madura-Bali System (JAMALI)	Indonesia	JAMALI System serves 7 provinces (West, East, and Central Java, Banten, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Bali), serving 49.4 million customers.	PLN	40.1 GW (2020)[19]	163 TWh (2017)[20]	2021
Argentine Interconnection System	Argentina	Argentina except Tierra del Fuego		39.7 GW	129 TWh	2019[21]
National Electrical System	Chile	Main Chilean grid		31.7 GW	75.8 TWh	2022[22]
Sumatera System	Indonesia	Sumatera System serves 8 provinces (North, West, South Sumatera, Aceh, Bengkulu, Lampung, Jambi, and Riau) and Bangka Island, serving 17 million customers	PLN	14.7 GW (2020)[23]	32.1 TWh (2016)[23]	2022[24]
Irish Grid	Ireland  United Kingdom	Ireland and Northern Ireland.	EirGrid	7.3 GW (2022)[25]	29.6 TWh	2020[26]
SIEPAC	Panama  Costa Rica  Honduras  Nicaragua  El Salvador  Guatemala	The Central American Electrical Interconnection System serves Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama		6.7 GW		2020[27]
Khatulistiwa System	Malaysia  Indonesia	Sarawak state and the northwestern part of West Kalimantan (Part of ASEAN Power Grid project)	Heads of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities (HAPUA)	5.5 GW		2017[citation needed]
South West Interconnected System	Australia	Western Australia		4.3 GW	17.3 TWh	2016[28]

Close

A partial table of some of the larger interconnections.

Historically, on the North American power transmission grid the Eastern and Western Interconnections were directly connected, and was at the time largest synchronous grid in the world, but this was found to be unstable, and they are now only DC interconnected.^[29]

• China's electricity suppliers plan to complete by 2020 its ultra high voltage AC synchronous grid linking the current North, Central, and Eastern grids.^[30] When complete, its generation capacity will dwarf that of the UCTE Interconnection.
• Unified Smart Grid unification of the US interconnections into a single grid with smart grid features.
• SuperSmart Grid a similar mega grid proposal linking UCTE, IPS/UPS, and Mediterranean grid.
• ASEAN Power Grid plan to connect all ASEAN Grids. The first step is connecting all mainland ASEAN countries with Sumatra, Java, and Singapore Grid, then Borneo Island and Philippines.

The Tres Amigas SuperStation aims to enable energy transfers and trading between the Eastern Interconnection and Western Interconnection using 30GW HVDC Interconnectors.

• High-voltage direct current (HVDC)
• Super grid
• European super grid
• Microgrid
• Smart grid
• Unified Smart Grid
• SuperSmart Grid
• Tres Amigas SuperStation