List_of_off-season_Atlantic_hurricanes

List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

Add article description


An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur.[1] Peak activity is known to be between August and October.[1][2] Between 1938, when the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and 1963, the season was defined between June 15 and November 15.[3] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30,[2] which remains the official length of the season.

Satellite image of the most recent Atlantic off-season system, an unnamed subtropical storm on January 16, 2023

As of 2023, there have been 92 off-season cyclones recorded in the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851. In addition, six earlier such storms have been documented, but are not part of the database. The first off-season storm in the database was an 1865 storm that developed in the Caribbean Sea; an earlier documented 1863 hurricane is not part of the database. The most recent off-season system was an unnamed January subtropical storm in 2023.

Background

Tracks of all known storms that formed during the off-season between 1851 and 2023.

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Off-season cyclones are most likely to develop in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that have, a tropical storm in 1948 that struck the Dominican Republic, killing 80 people in the Dominican Republic, was the deadliest.[4] However, the unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. That same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (169 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December and May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in May of 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds.[5] Hurricane Alice was the only one of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage.[6] Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. In 2005, Hurricane Epsilon maintained hurricane status for five days, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili.

The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In eight seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1970, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season.[7][8] The longest streak of consecutive years featuring at least one pre-season storm was seven, from 2015 through 2021.

Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms were numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database; tropical depressions were unnumbered.[7][8][9] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track.[10] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013.[11]

Chronology

Radar image of Hurricane Alice in 1955, the first recorded North Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years.

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

More information Name, Dates ...

Systems by month

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Several late November systems have persisted into December thus enhancing its count. Conversely, only one storm has formed in March, followed by February with two. Additionally, a pair of hurricanes have spanned two calendar years: Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006.[7][8]

More information Month, Number of cyclones ...

See also

References

  1. Dorst, Neil; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Subject: G1 – When is hurricane season?". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  2. Staff writer (1964-06-01). "Annual Man Against Nature Battle Opens This Morning". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. United Press International. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  3. Staff writer (1938-06-15). "Hurricane Warning Service Expanded". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  4. Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  5. Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (December 12, 2012). Tropical storm Beryl (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  6. Colón, José A (1955). "On the formation of Hurricane Alice, 1955" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 84 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1956MWRv...84....1C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1956)084<0001:OTFOHA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  7. "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  9. Colin J. McAdie; Christopher W. Landsea; Charles J. Neumann; Joan E. David; Eric S. Blake; Gregory R. Hammer (August 20, 2009). Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 (PDF) (Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 18. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  10. Chenoweth, Michael; Mock, Cary J (2013). "Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (11): 1735–1742. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1735C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1. S2CID 123011306.
  11. Ludlum, David M. "The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – II — June 3 – 5" (PDF). Florida State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2012.
  12. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2005). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT – 2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914 (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  13. "1916 Tropical Storm Not Named (1916135N21280)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  14. Day, W P (1925). "Tropical Cyclones During 1925" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 53 (December 1925): 540–555. Bibcode:1925MWRv...53..540D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1925)53<540a:TCD>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  15. "Four Lives Lost in Storm Off Tampa Coast". Morning Avalanche. December 2, 1925.
  16. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1932". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  17. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1933". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  18. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1935". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  19. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1936". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  20. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1938". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  21. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1940". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  22. Norton, Grady (January 1, 1952). "Hurricanes of 1951" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 80 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:1952MWRv...80....1N. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0001:HO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  23. Moore, Paul L; Davis, Walter R. (October 1, 1951). "A Preseason Hurricane of Subtropical Origin" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 79 (10): 189–195. Bibcode:1951MWRv...79..189M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1951)079<0189:APHOSO>2.0.CO;2.
  24. Norton, Grady (December 1, 1953). "Hurricanes of 1953" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 81 (12): 388–391. Bibcode:1953MWRv...81..388N. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1953)081<0388:HO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  25. Dunn, Gordon E (December 1, 1959). "The Hurricane Season of 1959" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 87 (12): 441–450. Bibcode:1959MWRv...87..441D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-87.12.441.
  26. Sandy Delgado; Chris Landsea (December 26, 2019). 1961 Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis (PDF) (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  27. "Seven Cubans Drown in Floods of Alma". The Miami News. May 25, 1970. p. 6-A. Retrieved September 28, 2021 via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  28. National Hurricane Center (1970). "Deaths from Hurricane Alma". Retrieved December 26, 2009.
  29. "1966–1970 Metadata" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  30. "Four Drown in Area Mishaps". Palm Beach Post. May 29, 1972. p. C1. Retrieved September 28, 2021 via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  31. "May 1972" (PDF). Storm Data. 14 (5). National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  32. Frank, Neil L (April 1, 1975). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 103 (4): 294–300. Bibcode:1975MWRv..103..294F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0294:ATSO>2.0.CO;2.
  33. "Tropical Depression South Of New Orleans". The Spartanburg Herald. Associated Press. May 21, 1974. p. 1. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  34. Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1982). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1981". Monthly Weather Review. 110 (7): 852–866. Bibcode:1982MWRv..110..852L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0852:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  35. Lawrence, Miles B; Clark, Gilbert B (July 1, 1985). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1984". Monthly Weather Review. 113 (7): 1228–1237. Bibcode:1985MWRv..113.1228L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1228:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  36. Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos (2003). "Características generales de los factores del régimen hidrológico de Cuba" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
  37. Avila, Lixion A; Clark, Gilbert B (October 1, 1989). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (10): 2260–2265. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2260A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2260:ATSO>2.0.CO;2.
  38. Case, Bob; Mayfield, Britt M (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. 118 (5): 1165–1177. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. See p. 1176.
  39. Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J (August 1, 1991). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1990". Monthly Weather Review. 119 (8): 2027–2033. Bibcode:1991MWRv..119.2027A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2027:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Alt URL
  40. Mayfield, Britt M; Avila, Lixion A; Rappaport, Edward N (March 1, 1994). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992". Monthly Weather Review. 122 (3): 517–538. Bibcode:1994MWRv..122..517M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0517:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  41. Avila, Lixion A; National Hurricane Center (June 30, 1993). Tropical Depression One (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
  42. Pasch, Richard J.; Avila, Lixion A.; Guiney, John L. (December 2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998". Monthly Weather Review. 129 (12). American Meteorological Society: 3115–3116. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.3085P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3085:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 119709886.
  43. Beven, John L; Stewart, Stacy R; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J (July 1, 2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (7): 1454–1484. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1454B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.406.2342. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. S2CID 123028502.
  44. Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Stewart, Stacy R (June 1, 2005). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 133 (6): 1744–1773. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133.1744L. doi:10.1175/MWR2940.1.
  45. DR1 (2003). "Odette damage: RD$294 million". Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Lawrence, Miles B; Stewart, Stacy R; Blake, Eric S (March 1, 2006). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004". Monthly Weather Review. 134 (3): 981–1025. Bibcode:2006MWRv..134..981F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.5664. doi:10.1175/MWR3096.1.
  47. Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1.
  48. Brennan, Michael J; Knabb, Richard D; Mainelli, Michelle; Kimberlain, Todd B (December 1, 2009). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007". Monthly Weather Review. 137 (12): 4061–4088. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.4061B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR2995.1.
  49. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2007). Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical storm Olga – Dec 2007, Dominican Republic: Tropical storm Olga OCHA Situation Report No. 3 (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  50. Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (5): 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR3174.1.
  51. Berg, Robbie; National Hurricane Center (June 12, 2009). Tropical Depression One (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  52. Pasch, Richard J (December 7, 2012). Tropical Storm Alberto (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  53. Herndon, Rhonda; National Climatic Data Center. "May 2012" (PDF). Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections. 54 (5). ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  54. Blake Eric S; Kimberlain Todd B; Beven II< John L (February 7, 2014). Unnamed Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  55. Pasch (May 8, 2015). Subtropical Storm Ana Forecast Discussion Number 1 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  56. Pasch (January 13, 2016). Hurricane ALEX Public Advisory (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  57. Pasch. "TROPICAL STORM BONNIE ADVISORY NUMBER 5". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  58. Beven. "Tropical Storm Arlene Advisory Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  59. Robbie Berg (October 18, 2018). Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  60. Andrew S. Latto (August 6, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Subtropical Storm Andrea (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  61. Papin, Philippe; Cangialosi, John; Beven, John (July 6, 2023). Unnamed Subtropical Storm (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 6, 2023.


Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article List_of_off-season_Atlantic_hurricanes, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.