List_of_viscosities

List of viscosities

Add article description

Dynamic viscosity is a material property which describes the resistance of a fluid to shearing flows. It corresponds roughly to the intuitive notion of a fluid's 'thickness'. For instance, honey has a much higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is measured using a viscometer. Measured values span several orders of magnitude. Of all fluids, gases have the lowest viscosities, and thick liquids have the highest.

The values listed in this article are representative estimates only, as they do not account for measurement uncertainties, variability in material definitions, or non-Newtonian behavior.

Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity divided by fluid density. This page lists only dynamic viscosity.

Viscosities at or near standard conditions

Here "standard conditions" refers to temperatures of 25 °C and pressures of 1 atmosphere. Where data points are unavailable for 25 °C or 1 atmosphere, values are given at a nearby temperature/pressure.

The temperatures corresponding to each data point are stated explicitly. By contrast, pressure is omitted since gaseous viscosity depends only weakly on it.

Gases

Noble gases

The simple structure of noble gas molecules makes them amenable to accurate theoretical treatment. For this reason, measured viscosities of the noble gases serve as important tests of the kinetic-molecular theory of transport processes in gases (see Chapman–Enskog theory). One of the key predictions of the theory is the following relationship between viscosity $\mu$ , thermal conductivity $k$ , and specific heat $c_{v}$ :

k=f\mu c_{v}

where $f$ is a constant which in general depends on the details of intermolecular interactions, but for spherically symmetric molecules is very close to $2.5$ .^[1]

This prediction is reasonably well-verified by experiments, as the following table shows. Indeed, the relation provides a viable means for obtaining thermal conductivities of gases since these are more difficult to measure directly than viscosity.^[1]^[2]

More information

, ...

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (μPa·s)	Thermal conductivity (W m⁻¹K⁻¹)	Specific heat (J K⁻¹kg⁻¹)	$f\equiv k/(\mu c_{v})$	Notes	Refs.
Helium	He	19.85	0.153	3116	2.47		^[2]^[3]
Neon	Ne	31.75	0.0492	618	2.51		^[2]^[3]
Argon	Ar	22.61	0.0178	313	2.52		^[2]^[3]
Krypton	Kr	25.38	0.0094	149	2.49		^[2]^[3]
Xenon	Xe	23.08	0.0056	95.0	2.55		^[2]^[3]
Radon	Rn	≈26	≈0.00364	56.2		T = 26.85 °C; $k$ calculated theoretically; $\mu$ estimated assuming $f=2.5$	^[4]

Liquids

Substances of variable composition

More information

,

...

Substance	Viscosity (mPa·s)	Temperature (°C)	Reference
Whole milk	2.12	20	^[39]
Blood	2 - 9	37	^[40]
Olive oil	56.2	26	^[39]
Canola oil	46.2	30	^[39]
Sunflower oil	48.8	26	^[39]
Honey	$\approx$ 2000-10,000	20	^[41]
Ketchup^{[lower-alpha 1]}	$\approx$ 5000-20,000	25	^[42]
Peanut butter^{[lower-alpha 1]}	$\approx$ 10⁴-10⁶		^[43]
Pitch	2.3×10¹¹	10-30 (variable)	^[44]

These materials are highly non-Newtonian.

Viscosities under nonstandard conditions

References

[1]
Chapman, Sydney; Cowling, T.G. (1970), The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press
[2]
Kestin, J.; Ro, S. T.; Wakeham, W. A. (1972). "Viscosity of the Noble Gases in the Temperature Range 25–700°C". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 56 (8): 4119–4124. doi:10.1063/1.1677824. ISSN 0021-9606.
[3]
Le Neindre, B.; Garrabos, Y.; Tufeu, R. (1989). "Thermal conductivity of dense noble gases". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 156 (1): 512–521. doi:10.1016/0378-4371(89)90137-4. ISSN 0378-4371.
[4]
Ho, C. Y.; Powell, R. W.; Liley, P. E. (1972). "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 1 (2): 279–421. doi:10.1063/1.3253100. ISSN 0047-2689.
[5]
Assael, M. J.; Kalyva, A. E.; Monogenidou, S. A.; Huber, M. L.; Perkins, R. A.; Friend, D. G.; May, E. F. (2018). "Reference Values and Reference Correlations for the Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Fluids". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 47 (2): 021501. doi:10.1063/1.5036625. ISSN 0047-2689. PMC 6463310. PMID 30996494.
[6]
Kestin, J.; Leidenfrost, W. (1959). "An absolute determination of the viscosity of eleven gases over a range of pressures". Physica. 25 (7–12): 1033–1062. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(59)90024-2. ISSN 0031-8914.
[7]
Yaws, Carl L. (1997), Handbook Of Viscosity: Volume 4: Inorganic Compounds And Elements, Gulf Professional Publishing, ISBN 978-0123958501
[8]
Kestin, J; Khalifa, H.E.; Wakeham, W.A. (1977). "The viscosity of five gaseous hydrocarbons". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 66 (3): 1132–1134. Bibcode:1977JChPh..66.1132K. doi:10.1063/1.434048.
[9]
Titani, Toshizo (1930). "The viscosity of vapours of organic compounds. Part II". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 5 (3): 98–108. doi:10.1246/bcsj.5.98.
[10]
Miller, J.W. Jr.; Shah, P.N.; Yaws, C.L. (1976). "Correlation constants for chemical compounds". Chemical Engineering. 83 (25): 153–180. ISSN 0009-2460.
[11]
Kestin, J.; Ro, S.T.; Wakeham, W.A. (1971). "Reference values of the viscosity of twelve gases at 25°C". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 67: 2308–2313. doi:10.1039/TF9716702308.
[12]
Dunlop, Peter J. (1994). "Viscosities of a series of gaseous fluorocarbons at 25 °C". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 100 (4): 3149–3151. doi:10.1063/1.466405.
[13]
Iwasaki, Hiroji; Takahashi, Mitsuo (1968). "Studies on the transport properties of fluids at high pressure". The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan. 38 (1).
[14]
"Database of the Thermophysical Properties of Gases Used in the Semiconductor Industry | NIST". Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
[15]
Schäfer, Michael; Richter, Markus; Span, Roland (2015). "Measurements of the viscosity of carbon dioxide at temperatures from (253.15 to 473.15)K with pressures up to 1.2MPa". The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 89: 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2015.04.015. ISSN 0021-9614.
[16]
Kestin, J.; Ro, S. T.; Wakeham, W. A. (1982). "The Viscosity of Carbon-Monoxide and its Mixtures with Other Gases in the Temperature Range 25 - 200°C". Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie. 86 (8): 753–760. doi:10.1002/bbpc.19820860816. ISSN 0005-9021.
[17]
Pal, Arun K.; Bhattacharyya, P. K. (1969). "Viscosity of Binary Polar‐Gas Mixtures". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 51 (2): 828–831. doi:10.1063/1.1672075. ISSN 0021-9606.
[18]
Takahashi, Mitsuo; Shibasaki-Kitakawa, Naomi; Yokoyama, Chiaki; Takahashi, Shinji (1996). "Viscosity of Gaseous Nitrous Oxide from 298.15 K to 398.15 K at Pressures up to 25 MPa". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 41 (6): 1495–1498. doi:10.1021/je960060d. ISSN 0021-9568.
[19]
Zarkova, L.; Hohm, U. (2002). "pVT–Second Virial Coefficients B(T), Viscosity eta(T), and Self-Diffusion rhoD(T) of the Gases: BF3, CF4, SiF4, CCl4, SiCl4, SF6, MoF6, WF6, UF6, C(CH3)4, and Si(CH3)4 Determined by Means of an Isotropic Temperature-Dependent Potential". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 31 (1): 183–216. doi:10.1063/1.1433462. ISSN 0047-2689.
[20]
chem.libretexts.org (11 March 2016). "Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Capillary Action". chem.libretexts.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
[21]
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 99th Edition (Internet Version 2018), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
[22]
Dymond, J. H.; Oye, H. A. (1994). "Viscosity of Selected Liquid n‐Alkanes". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 23 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1063/1.555943. ISSN 0047-2689.
[23]
Wu, Jianging; Nhaesi, Abdulghanni H.; Asfour, Abdul-Fattah A. (1999). "Viscosities of Eight Binary Liquidn-Alkane Systems at 293.15 K and 298.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 44 (5): 990–993. doi:10.1021/je980291f. ISSN 0021-9568.
[24]
Doolittle, Arthur K. (1951). "Studies in Newtonian Flow. II. The Dependence of the Viscosity of Liquids on Free‐Space". Journal of Applied Physics. 22 (12): 1471–1475. Bibcode:1951JAP....22.1471D. doi:10.1063/1.1699894. ISSN 0021-8979.
[25]
Coursey, B. M.; Heric, E. L. (1971). "AApplication of the Congruence Principle to Viscosities of 1-Chloroalkane Binary Mixtures". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 49 (16): 2631–2635. doi:10.1139/v71-437. ISSN 0008-4042.
[26]
Wang, Jianji; Tian, Yong; Zhao, Yang; Zhuo, Kelei (2003). "A volumetric and viscosity study for the mixtures of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid with acetonitrile, dichloromethane, 2-butanone and N, N ? dimethylformamide". Green Chemistry. 5 (5): 618. doi:10.1039/b303735e. ISSN 1463-9262.
[27]
Reid, Robert C.; Prausnitz, John M.; Poling, Bruce E. (1987), The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 442, ISBN 0-07-051799-1
[28]
Venkatesulu, D.; Venkatesu, P.; Rao, M. V. Prabhakara (1997). "Viscosities and Densities of Trichloroethylene or Tetrachloroethylene with 2-Alkoxyethanols at 303.15 K and 313.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 42 (2): 365–367. doi:10.1021/je960316f. ISSN 0021-9568.
[29]
Nayak, Jyoti N.; Aralaguppi, Mrityunjaya I.; Aminabhavi, Tejraj M. (2003). "Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Speed of Sound in the Binary Mixtures of Ethyl Chloroacetate + Cyclohexanone, + Chlorobenzene, + Bromobenzene, or + Benzyl Alcohol at (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 48 (3): 628–631. doi:10.1021/je0201828. ISSN 0021-9568.
[30]
Cokelet, Giles R.; Hollander, Frederick J.; Smith, Joseph H. (1969). "Density and viscosity of mixtures of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane and 1-bromododecane". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 14 (4): 470–473. doi:10.1021/je60043a017. ISSN 0021-9568.
[31]
Wright, Franklin J. (1961). "Influence of Temperature on Viscosity of Nonassociated Liquids". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 6 (3): 454–456. doi:10.1021/je00103a035. ISSN 0021-9568.
[32]
Sagdeev, D. I.; Fomina, M. G.; Mukhamedzyanov, G. Kh.; Abdulagatov, I. M. (2014). "Experimental Study and Correlation Models of the Density and Viscosity of 1-Hexene and 1-Heptene at Temperatures from (298 to 473) K and Pressures up to 245 MPa". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 59 (4): 1105–1119. doi:10.1021/je401015e. ISSN 0021-9568.
[33]
Petrino, P. J.; Gaston-Bonhomme, Y. H.; Chevalier, J. L. E. (1995). "Viscosity and Density of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Hydrocarbons, Esters, Ketones, and Normal Chloroalkanes". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 40 (1): 136–140. doi:10.1021/je00017a031. ISSN 0021-9568.
[34]
Segur, J. B.; Oberstar, H. E. (1951). "Viscosity of Glycerol and Its Aqueous Solutions". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 43 (9): 2117–2120. doi:10.1021/ie50501a040.
[35]
Hetherington, G.; Robinson, P.L. (1956). "The Viscosities of Iodine Pentafluoride and Ditellurium Decafluoride". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3681. doi:10.1039/jr9560003674. ISSN 0368-1769.
[36]
Canosa, J.; Rodríguez, A.; Tojo, J. (1998). "Dynamic Viscosities of (Methyl Acetate or Methanol) with (Ethanol, 1-Propanol, 2-Propanol, 1-Butanol, and 2-Butanol) at 298.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 43 (3): 417–421. doi:10.1021/je9702302. ISSN 0021-9568.
[37]
Paez, Susana; Contreras, Martin (1989). "Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1-propanol and 2-propanol with acetonitrile". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 34 (4): 455–459. doi:10.1021/je00058a025. ISSN 0021-9568.
[38]
Lal, Krishan; Tripathi, Neelima; Dubey, Gyan P. (2000). "Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Hexane, Decane, Hexadecane, and Squalane with Benzene at 298.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 45 (5): 961–964. doi:10.1021/je000103x. ISSN 0021-9568.
[39]
Fellows, P.J. (2009), Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.), Woodhead Publishing, ISBN 978-1845692162
[40]
Pries, A. R.; Neuhaus, D.; Gaehtgens, P. (1992-12-01). "Blood viscosity in tube flow: dependence on diameter and hematocrit". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 263 (6): H1770–H1778. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.6.H1770. ISSN 0363-6135.
[41]
Yanniotis, S.; Skaltsi, S.; Karaburnioti, S. (February 2006). "Effect of moisture content on the viscosity of honey at different temperatures". Journal of Food Engineering. 72 (4): 372–377. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.12.017.
[42]
Koocheki, Arash; Ghandi, Amir; Razavi, Seyed M. A.; Mortazavi, Seyed Ali; Vasiljevic, Todor (2009), "The rheological properties of ketchup as a function of different hydrocolloids and temperature", International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 44 (3): 596–602, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01868.x
[43]
Citerne, Guillaume P.; Carreau, Pierre J.; Moan, Michel (2001), "Rheological properties of peanut butter", Rheologica Acta, 40 (1): 86–96, doi:10.1007/s003970000120, S2CID 94555820
[44]
Edgeworth, R; Dalton, B J; Parnell, T (1984), "The pitch drop experiment", European Journal of Physics, 5 (4): 198–200, Bibcode:1984EJPh....5..198E, doi:10.1088/0143-0807/5/4/003, S2CID 250769509
[45]
Suhrmann, Von R.; Winter, E.-O. (1955), "Dichte- und Viskositätsmessungen an Quecksilber und hochverdünnten Kalium- und Cäsiumamalgamen vom Erstarrungspunkt bis + 30 C", Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 10a (12): 985, doi:10.1515/zna-1955-1211, S2CID 97692836, archived from the original on 2020-02-15, retrieved 2021-10-17
[46]
Assael, Marc J.; Armyra, Ivi J.; Brillo, Juergen; Stankus, Sergei V.; Wu, Jiangtao; Wakeham, William A. (2012), "Reference Data for the Density and Viscosity of Liquid Cadmium, Cobalt, Gallium, Indium, Mercury, Silicon, Thallium, and Zinc" (PDF), Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 41 (3): 033101, doi:10.1063/1.4729873, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-17, retrieved 2019-12-12
[47]
Kumagai, Naoichi; Sasajima, Sadao; Ito, Hidebumi (15 February 1978). "Long-term Creep of Rocks: Results with Large Specimens Obtained in about 20 Years and Those with Small Specimens in about 3 Years". Journal of the Society of Materials Science (Japan). 27 (293): 157–161. Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
[48]
Fjeldskaar, W. (1994). "Viscosity and thickness of the asthenosphere detected from the Fennoscandian uplift". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 126 (4): 399–410. Bibcode:1994E&PSL.126..399F. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90120-1.

Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article List_of_viscosities, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[nnf-42] These materials are highly non-Newtonian.

[Chapman1970-1] [1]
Chapman, Sydney; Cowling, T.G. (1970), The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press

[Kestin1972-2] [2]
Kestin, J.; Ro, S. T.; Wakeham, W. A. (1972). "Viscosity of the Noble Gases in the Temperature Range 25–700°C". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 56 (8): 4119–4124. doi:10.1063/1.1677824. ISSN 0021-9606.

[LeNeindreGarrabos1989-3] [3]
Le Neindre, B.; Garrabos, Y.; Tufeu, R. (1989). "Thermal conductivity of dense noble gases". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 156 (1): 512–521. doi:10.1016/0378-4371(89)90137-4. ISSN 0378-4371.

[HoPowell1972-4] [4]
Ho, C. Y.; Powell, R. W.; Liley, P. E. (1972). "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 1 (2): 279–421. doi:10.1063/1.3253100. ISSN 0047-2689.

[Assael2018-5] [5]
Assael, M. J.; Kalyva, A. E.; Monogenidou, S. A.; Huber, M. L.; Perkins, R. A.; Friend, D. G.; May, E. F. (2018). "Reference Values and Reference Correlations for the Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Fluids". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 47 (2): 021501. doi:10.1063/1.5036625. ISSN 0047-2689. PMC 6463310. PMID 30996494.

[KestinLeidenfrost1959-6] [6]
Kestin, J.; Leidenfrost, W. (1959). "An absolute determination of the viscosity of eleven gases over a range of pressures". Physica. 25 (7–12): 1033–1062. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(59)90024-2. ISSN 0031-8914.

[Yaws1997-7] [7]
Yaws, Carl L. (1997), Handbook Of Viscosity: Volume 4: Inorganic Compounds And Elements, Gulf Professional Publishing, ISBN 978-0123958501

[Kestin1977-8] [8]
Kestin, J; Khalifa, H.E.; Wakeham, W.A. (1977). "The viscosity of five gaseous hydrocarbons". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 66 (3): 1132–1134. Bibcode:1977JChPh..66.1132K. doi:10.1063/1.434048.

[Titani1930-9] [9]
Titani, Toshizo (1930). "The viscosity of vapours of organic compounds. Part II". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 5 (3): 98–108. doi:10.1246/bcsj.5.98.

[Miller1976-10] [10]
Miller, J.W. Jr.; Shah, P.N.; Yaws, C.L. (1976). "Correlation constants for chemical compounds". Chemical Engineering. 83 (25): 153–180. ISSN 0009-2460.

[Kestin1971-11] [11]
Kestin, J.; Ro, S.T.; Wakeham, W.A. (1971). "Reference values of the viscosity of twelve gases at 25°C". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 67: 2308–2313. doi:10.1039/TF9716702308.

[Dunlop1994-12] [12]
Dunlop, Peter J. (1994). "Viscosities of a series of gaseous fluorocarbons at 25 °C". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 100 (4): 3149–3151. doi:10.1063/1.466405.

[Iwasaki1968-13] [13]
Iwasaki, Hiroji; Takahashi, Mitsuo (1968). "Studies on the transport properties of fluids at high pressure". The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan. 38 (1).

[NISTSemiconductorDatabase-14] [14]
"Database of the Thermophysical Properties of Gases Used in the Semiconductor Industry | NIST". Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-07-11.

[SchäferRichter2015-15] [15]
Schäfer, Michael; Richter, Markus; Span, Roland (2015). "Measurements of the viscosity of carbon dioxide at temperatures from (253.15 to 473.15)K with pressures up to 1.2MPa". The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 89: 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2015.04.015. ISSN 0021-9614.

[KestinRo1982-16] [16]
Kestin, J.; Ro, S. T.; Wakeham, W. A. (1982). "The Viscosity of Carbon-Monoxide and its Mixtures with Other Gases in the Temperature Range 25 - 200°C". Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie. 86 (8): 753–760. doi:10.1002/bbpc.19820860816. ISSN 0005-9021.

[PalBhattacharyya1969-17] [17]
Pal, Arun K.; Bhattacharyya, P. K. (1969). "Viscosity of Binary Polar‐Gas Mixtures". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 51 (2): 828–831. doi:10.1063/1.1672075. ISSN 0021-9606.

[TakahashiShibasaki-Kitakawa1996-18] [18]
Takahashi, Mitsuo; Shibasaki-Kitakawa, Naomi; Yokoyama, Chiaki; Takahashi, Shinji (1996). "Viscosity of Gaseous Nitrous Oxide from 298.15 K to 398.15 K at Pressures up to 25 MPa". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 41 (6): 1495–1498. doi:10.1021/je960060d. ISSN 0021-9568.

[ZarkovaHohm2002-19] [19]
Zarkova, L.; Hohm, U. (2002). "pVT–Second Virial Coefficients B(T), Viscosity eta(T), and Self-Diffusion rhoD(T) of the Gases: BF3, CF4, SiF4, CCl4, SiCl4, SF6, MoF6, WF6, UF6, C(CH3)4, and Si(CH3)4 Determined by Means of an Isotropic Temperature-Dependent Potential". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 31 (1): 183–216. doi:10.1063/1.1433462. ISSN 0047-2689.

[GoodFellow-PMMA-20] [20]
chem.libretexts.org (11 March 2016). "Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Capillary Action". chem.libretexts.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-07-24.

[CRC-99th-ed-21] [21]
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 99th Edition (Internet Version 2018), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

[Dymond1994-22] [22]
Dymond, J. H.; Oye, H. A. (1994). "Viscosity of Selected Liquid n‐Alkanes". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 23 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1063/1.555943. ISSN 0047-2689.

[WuNhaesi1999-23] [23]
Wu, Jianging; Nhaesi, Abdulghanni H.; Asfour, Abdul-Fattah A. (1999). "Viscosities of Eight Binary Liquidn-Alkane Systems at 293.15 K and 298.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 44 (5): 990–993. doi:10.1021/je980291f. ISSN 0021-9568.

[Doolittle1951-24] [24]
Doolittle, Arthur K. (1951). "Studies in Newtonian Flow. II. The Dependence of the Viscosity of Liquids on Free‐Space". Journal of Applied Physics. 22 (12): 1471–1475. Bibcode:1951JAP....22.1471D. doi:10.1063/1.1699894. ISSN 0021-8979.

[CourseyHeric1971-25] [25]
Coursey, B. M.; Heric, E. L. (1971). "AApplication of the Congruence Principle to Viscosities of 1-Chloroalkane Binary Mixtures". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 49 (16): 2631–2635. doi:10.1139/v71-437. ISSN 0008-4042.

[WangTian2003-26] [26]
Wang, Jianji; Tian, Yong; Zhao, Yang; Zhuo, Kelei (2003). "A volumetric and viscosity study for the mixtures of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid with acetonitrile, dichloromethane, 2-butanone and N, N ? dimethylformamide". Green Chemistry. 5 (5): 618. doi:10.1039/b303735e. ISSN 1463-9262.

[Reid1987-27] [27]
Reid, Robert C.; Prausnitz, John M.; Poling, Bruce E. (1987), The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 442, ISBN 0-07-051799-1

[VenkatesuluVenkatesu1997-28] [28]
Venkatesulu, D.; Venkatesu, P.; Rao, M. V. Prabhakara (1997). "Viscosities and Densities of Trichloroethylene or Tetrachloroethylene with 2-Alkoxyethanols at 303.15 K and 313.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 42 (2): 365–367. doi:10.1021/je960316f. ISSN 0021-9568.

[NayakAralaguppi2003-29] [29]
Nayak, Jyoti N.; Aralaguppi, Mrityunjaya I.; Aminabhavi, Tejraj M. (2003). "Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Speed of Sound in the Binary Mixtures of Ethyl Chloroacetate + Cyclohexanone, + Chlorobenzene, + Bromobenzene, or + Benzyl Alcohol at (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 48 (3): 628–631. doi:10.1021/je0201828. ISSN 0021-9568.

[CokeletHollander1969-30] [30]
Cokelet, Giles R.; Hollander, Frederick J.; Smith, Joseph H. (1969). "Density and viscosity of mixtures of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane and 1-bromododecane". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 14 (4): 470–473. doi:10.1021/je60043a017. ISSN 0021-9568.

[Wright1961-31] [31]
Wright, Franklin J. (1961). "Influence of Temperature on Viscosity of Nonassociated Liquids". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 6 (3): 454–456. doi:10.1021/je00103a035. ISSN 0021-9568.

[SagdeevFomina2014-32] [32]
Sagdeev, D. I.; Fomina, M. G.; Mukhamedzyanov, G. Kh.; Abdulagatov, I. M. (2014). "Experimental Study and Correlation Models of the Density and Viscosity of 1-Hexene and 1-Heptene at Temperatures from (298 to 473) K and Pressures up to 245 MPa". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 59 (4): 1105–1119. doi:10.1021/je401015e. ISSN 0021-9568.

[PetrinoGaston-Bonhomme1995-33] [33]
Petrino, P. J.; Gaston-Bonhomme, Y. H.; Chevalier, J. L. E. (1995). "Viscosity and Density of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Hydrocarbons, Esters, Ketones, and Normal Chloroalkanes". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 40 (1): 136–140. doi:10.1021/je00017a031. ISSN 0021-9568.

[Viscosity_of_Glycerol_and_its_Aqueous_Solutions-34] [34]
Segur, J. B.; Oberstar, H. E. (1951). "Viscosity of Glycerol and Its Aqueous Solutions". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 43 (9): 2117–2120. doi:10.1021/ie50501a040.

[Hetherington1956-35] [35]
Hetherington, G.; Robinson, P.L. (1956). "The Viscosities of Iodine Pentafluoride and Ditellurium Decafluoride". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3681. doi:10.1039/jr9560003674. ISSN 0368-1769.

[CanosaRodríguez1998-36] [36]
Canosa, J.; Rodríguez, A.; Tojo, J. (1998). "Dynamic Viscosities of (Methyl Acetate or Methanol) with (Ethanol, 1-Propanol, 2-Propanol, 1-Butanol, and 2-Butanol) at 298.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 43 (3): 417–421. doi:10.1021/je9702302. ISSN 0021-9568.

[PaezContreras1989-37] [37]
Paez, Susana; Contreras, Martin (1989). "Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1-propanol and 2-propanol with acetonitrile". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 34 (4): 455–459. doi:10.1021/je00058a025. ISSN 0021-9568.

[LalTripathi2000-38] [38]
Lal, Krishan; Tripathi, Neelima; Dubey, Gyan P. (2000). "Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Hexane, Decane, Hexadecane, and Squalane with Benzene at 298.15 K". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 45 (5): 961–964. doi:10.1021/je000103x. ISSN 0021-9568.

[Fellows2009-39] [39]
Fellows, P.J. (2009), Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.), Woodhead Publishing, ISBN 978-1845692162

[40] [40]
Pries, A. R.; Neuhaus, D.; Gaehtgens, P. (1992-12-01). "Blood viscosity in tube flow: dependence on diameter and hematocrit". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 263 (6): H1770–H1778. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.6.H1770. ISSN 0363-6135.

[41] [41]
Yanniotis, S.; Skaltsi, S.; Karaburnioti, S. (February 2006). "Effect of moisture content on the viscosity of honey at different temperatures". Journal of Food Engineering. 72 (4): 372–377. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.12.017.

[Koocheki2009-43] [42]
Koocheki, Arash; Ghandi, Amir; Razavi, Seyed M. A.; Mortazavi, Seyed Ali; Vasiljevic, Todor (2009), "The rheological properties of ketchup as a function of different hydrocolloids and temperature", International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 44 (3): 596–602, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01868.x

[Citerne2001-44] [43]
Citerne, Guillaume P.; Carreau, Pierre J.; Moan, Michel (2001), "Rheological properties of peanut butter", Rheologica Acta, 40 (1): 86–96, doi:10.1007/s003970000120, S2CID 94555820

[Edgeworth1984-45] [44]
Edgeworth, R; Dalton, B J; Parnell, T (1984), "The pitch drop experiment", European Journal of Physics, 5 (4): 198–200, Bibcode:1984EJPh....5..198E, doi:10.1088/0143-0807/5/4/003, S2CID 250769509

[Suhrmann1955-46] [45]
Suhrmann, Von R.; Winter, E.-O. (1955), "Dichte- und Viskositätsmessungen an Quecksilber und hochverdünnten Kalium- und Cäsiumamalgamen vom Erstarrungspunkt bis + 30 C", Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 10a (12): 985, doi:10.1515/zna-1955-1211, S2CID 97692836, archived from the original on 2020-02-15, retrieved 2021-10-17

[Assael2012-47] [46]
Assael, Marc J.; Armyra, Ivi J.; Brillo, Juergen; Stankus, Sergei V.; Wu, Jiangtao; Wakeham, William A. (2012), "Reference Data for the Density and Viscosity of Liquid Cadmium, Cobalt, Gallium, Indium, Mercury, Silicon, Thallium, and Zinc" (PDF), Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 41 (3): 033101, doi:10.1063/1.4729873, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-17, retrieved 2019-12-12

[Kumagai-48] [47]
Kumagai, Naoichi; Sasajima, Sadao; Ito, Hidebumi (15 February 1978). "Long-term Creep of Rocks: Results with Large Specimens Obtained in about 20 Years and Those with Small Specimens in about 3 Years". Journal of the Society of Materials Science (Japan). 27 (293): 157–161. Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2008-06-16.

[asthenosphere-49] [48]
Fjeldskaar, W. (1994). "Viscosity and thickness of the asthenosphere detected from the Fennoscandian uplift". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 126 (4): 399–410. Bibcode:1994E&PSL.126..399F. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90120-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[lower-alpha 1]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (μPa·s)	Ref.
Hydrogen	H₂	8.90	^[5]
Nitrogen	N₂	17.76	^[5]
Oxygen	O₂	20.64	^[6]
Fluorine	F₂	23.16	^[7]
Chlorine	Cl₂	13.40	^[7]

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (μPa·s)	Notes	Ref.
Methane	CH₄	11.13		^[8]
Acetylene	C₂H₂	10.2	T = 20 °C	^[9]
Ethylene	C₂H₄	10.28		^[8]
Ethane	C₂H₆	9.27		^[8]
Propyne	C₃H₄	8.67	T = 20 °C	^[9]
Propene	C₃H₆	8.39		^[10]
Propane	C₃H₈	8.18		^[8]
Butane	C₄H₁₀	7.49		^[8]

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (μPa·s)	Ref.
Carbon tetrafluoride	CF₄	17.32	^[11]
Fluoromethane	CH₃F	11.79	^[12]
Difluoromethane	CH₂F₂	12.36	^[12]
Fluoroform	CHF₃	14.62	^[12]
Pentafluoroethane	C₂HF₅	12.94	^[12]
Hexafluoroethane	C₂F₆	14.00	^[12]
Octafluoropropane	C₃F₈	12.44	^[12]

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (μPa·s)	Notes	Ref.
Air		18.46		^[6]
Ammonia	NH₃	10.07		^[13]
Nitrogen trifluoride	NF₃	17.11	T = 26.85 °C	^[14]
Boron trichloride	BCl₃	12.3	Theoretical estimate at T = 26.85 °C; estimated uncertainty of 10%	^[14]
Carbon dioxide	CO₂	14.90		^[15]
Carbon monoxide	CO	17.79		^[16]
Hydrogen sulfide	H₂S	12.34		^[17]
Nitric oxide	NO	18.90		^[7]
Nitrous oxide	N₂O	14.90		^[18]
Sulfur dioxide	SO₂	12.82		^[10]
Sulfur hexafluoride	SF₆	15.23		^[5]
Molybdenum hexafluoride	MoF₆	14.5	Theoretical estimates at T = 26.85 °C	^[19]
Tungsten hexafluoride	WF₆	17.1
Uranium hexafluoride	UF₆	17.4

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (mPa·s)	Notes	Ref.
Pentane	C₅H₁₂	0.224		^[21]
Hexane	C₆H₁₄	0.295		^[22]
Heptane	C₇H₁₆	0.389		^[22]
Octane	C₈H₁₈	0.509		^[22]
Nonane	C₉H₂₀	0.665		^[21]
Decane	C₁₀H₂₂	0.850		^[22]
Undecane	C₁₁H₂₄	1.098		^[21]
Dodecane	C₁₂H₂₆	1.359		^[22]
Tridecane	C₁₃H₂₈	1.724		^[21]
Tetradecane	C₁₄H₃₀	2.078		^[22]
Pentadecane	C₁₅H₃₂	2.82	T = 20 °C	^[23]
Hexadecane	C₁₆H₃₄	3.03		^[21]
Heptadecane	C₁₇H₃₆	4.21	T = 20 °C	^[24]

List_of_viscosities

List of viscosities

Units and conversion factors

Viscosities at or near standard conditions

Gases

Noble gases

Diatomic elements

Hydrocarbons

Organohalides

Other gases

Liquids

n-Alkanes

1-Chloroalkanes

Other halocarbons

Alkenes

Other liquids

Aqueous solutions

Substances of variable composition

Viscosities under nonstandard conditions

Gases

Liquids (including liquid metals)

Solids

References

Share this article:

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (mPa·s)	Notes	Ref.
Chlorobutane	C₄H₉Cl	0.4261		^[25]
Chlorohexane	C₆H₁₁Cl	0.6945
Chlorooctane	C₈H₁₇Cl	1.128
Chlorodecane	C₁₀H₂₁Cl	1.772
Chlorododecane	C₁₂H₂₅Cl	2.668
Chlorotetradecane	C₁₄H₂₉Cl	3.875
Chlorohexadecane	C₁₆H₃₃Cl	5.421
Chlorooctadecane	C₁₈H₃₇Cl	7.385	Supercooled liquid

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (mPa·s)	Notes	Ref.
Dichloromethane	CH₂Cl₂	0.401		^[26]
Trichloromethane (chloroform)	CHCl₃	0.52		^[10]
Tribromomethane (bromoform)	CHBr₃	1.89		^[27]
Carbon tetrachloride	CCl₄	0.86		^[27]
Trichloroethylene	C₂HCl₃	0.532		^[28]
Tetrachloroethylene	C₂Cl₄	0.798	T = 30 °C	^[28]
Chlorobenzene	C₆H₅Cl	0.773		^[29]
Bromobenzene	C₆H₅Br	1.080		^[29]
1-Bromodecane	C₁₀H₂₁Br	3.373		^[30]

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (mPa·s)	Notes	Ref.
2-Pentene	C₅H₁₀	0.201		^[31]
1-Hexene	C₆H₁₂	0.271		^[32]
1-Heptene	C₇H₁₄	0.362		^[32]
1-Octene	C₈H₁₆	0.506	T = 20 °C	^[31]
2-Octene	C₈H₁₆	0.506	T = 20 °C	^[31]
n-Decene	C₁₀H₂₀	0.828	T = 20 °C	^[31]

Substance	Molecular formula	Viscosity (mPa·s)	Notes	Ref.
Acetic acid	C₂H₄O₂	1.056		^[21]
Acetone	C₃H₆O	0.302		^[33]
Benzene	C₆H₆	0.604		^[21]
Bromine	Br₂	0.944		^[21]
Ethanol	C₂H₆O	1.074		^[21]
Glycerol	C₃H₈O₃	1412		^[34]
Hydrazine	H₄N₂	0.876		^[21]
Iodine pentafluoride	IF₅	2.111		^[35]
Mercury	Hg	1.526		^[21]
Methanol	CH₄O	0.553		^[36]
1-Propanol (propyl alcohol)	C₃H₈O	1.945		^[37]
2-Propanol (isopropyl alcohol)	C₃H₈O	2.052		^[37]
Squalane	C₃₀H₆₂	31.123		^[38]
Water	H₂O	1.0016	T = 20 °C, standard pressure	^[21]

Table: Viscosities (in mPa·s) of aqueous solutions at T = 20 °C for various solutes and mass percentages^[21]
Solute	mass percentage = 1%	2%	3%	4%	5%	10%	15%	20%	30%	40%	50%	60%	70%
Sodium chloride (NaCl)	1.020	1.036	1.052	1.068	1.085	1.193	1.352	1.557
Calcium chloride (CaCl₂)	1.028	1.050	1.078	1.110	1.143	1.319	1.564	1.930	3.467	8.997
Potassium iodide (KI)	0.997	0.991	0.986	0.981	0.976	0.946	0.925	0.910	0.892	0.897
Cesium chloride (CsCl)	0.997	0.992	0.988	0.984	0.980	0.966	0.953	0.939	0.922	0.934	0.981	1.120
Sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)	1.028	1.055	1.084	1.114	1.146	1.336	1.592	1.945	3.187	6.162	15.431	58.487	481.561

Substance	Chemical formula	Temperature (K)	Viscosity (μPa·s)
Air		100	7.1
		200	13.3
		300	18.5
		400	23.1
		500	27.1
		600	30.8
Ammonia	NH₃	300	10.2
		400	14.0
		500	17.9
		600	21.7
Carbon dioxide	CO₂	200	10.1
		300	15.0
		400	19.7
		500	24.0
		600	28.0
Helium	He	100	9.6
		200	15.1
		300	19.9
		400	24.3
		500	28.3
		600	32.2
Water vapor	H₂O	380	12.498
		400	13.278
		450	15.267
		500	17.299
		550	19.356
		600	21.425
		650	23.496
		700	25.562
		750	27.617
		800	29.657
		900	33.680
		1000	37.615
		1100	41.453
		1200	45.192

Substance	Chemical formula	Temperature (°C)	Viscosity (mPa·s)
Mercury^[45]^[46]	Hg	-30	1.958
		-20	1.856
		-10	1.766
		0	1.686
		10	1.615
		20	1.552
		25	1.526
		30	1.495
		50	1.402
		75	1.312
		100	1.245
		126.85	1.187
		226.85	1.020
		326.85	0.921
Ethanol	C₂H₆O	-25	3.26
		0	1.786
		25	1.074
		50	0.694
		75	0.476
Bromine	Br₂	0	1.252
		25	0.944
		50	0.746
Water	H₂O	0.01	1.7911
		10	1.3059
		20	1.0016
		25	0.89002
		30	0.79722
		40	0.65273
		50	0.54652
		60	0.46603
		70	0.40355
		80	0.35405
		90	0.31417
		99.606	0.28275
Glycerol	C₃H₈O₃	25	934
		50	152
		75	39.8
		100	14.76
Aluminum	Al	700	1.24
		800	1.04
		900	0.90
Gold	Au	1100	5.130
		1200	4.640
		1300	4.240
Copper	Cu	1100	3.92
		1200	3.34
		1300	2.91
		1400	2.58
		1500	2.31
		1600	2.10
		1700	1.92
Silver	Ag	1300	3.75
		1400	3.27
		1500	2.91
Iron	Fe	1600	5.22
		1700	4.41
		1800	3.79
		1900	3.31
		2000	2.92
		2100	2.60

Substance	Chemical formula	Temperature (K)	Viscosity (mPa·s)
Gallium^[46]	Ga	400	1.158
		500	0.915
		600	0.783
		700	0.700
		800	0.643
Zinc^[46]	Zn	700	3.737
		800	2.883
		900	2.356
		1000	2.005
		1100	1.756
Cadmium^[46]	Cd	600	2.708
		700	2.043
		800	1.654
		900	1.403

Substance	Viscosity (Pa·s)	Temperature (°C)
granite^[47]	3×10¹⁹ - 6×10¹⁹	25
asthenosphere^[48]	7.0×10¹⁹	900
upper mantle^[48]	7×10²⁰ – 1×10²¹	1300–3000
lower mantle^{[citation needed]}	1×10²¹ – 2×10²¹	3000–4000