Luxembourg–Turkey_relations

Luxembourg–Turkey relations

Luxembourg–Turkey relations

Bilateral relations

Luxembourg–Turkey relations are the bilateral relation between Luxembourg and Turkey. Following Luxembourg's independence from the Netherlands,[1] Turkey recognized Luxembourg on May 31, 1867.[1] The Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg was established in 1987.[2] In response, Luxembourg opened its embassy in Ankara on November 29, 2011.[2]

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History

Relations became tense in late 1990s following the 1997 Luxembourg Council meeting, where the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl defined[3] the European Union as requiring “civilization,” which a Muslim majority country[4] such as Turkey lacked.

Turks were further shocked[5] by the discussion in which the Greek foreign minister Pangalos[6] gave an unmitigated description[5] of the Turks as “bandits, murderers and rapists.’’

High level visits

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Economic relations

  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$160 million in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).[7]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Luxembourg City twice daily.[7]
  • 2,764 tourists from Luxembourg visited Turkey in 2015.[7]

See also

References

  1. [1]
    Hale, William. “Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012).
  2. [2]
    "Relations between Turkey and Luxembourg". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  3. [3]
    Boomgaarden, Hajo G. “Religion and Party Positions Towards Turkish EU Accession,” Comparative European Politics, 10 (2012).
  4. [4]
    De Vreese, Claes. “A Threat Called Turkey: Perceived Religious Threat and Support for EU Entry of Croatia, Switzerland and Turkey,” Acta Politica, 48.1 (2013).
  5. [5]
    Heinz, Kramer, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), p. 287, footnote 40.
  6. [6]
    McLaren, Lauren M. “Explaining Opposition to Turkish Membership of the EU,” European Union Politics, 8.2 (2007).
  7. [7]
    "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Luxembourg". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.

Further reading

  • Barber, Lionel. “EU Group Rebuffs Turkish Entry Push,” Financial Times, 5 March 1997.
  • Boomgaarden, Hajo G. “Religion and Party Positions Towards Turkish EU Accession,” Comparative European Politics, 10 (2012).
  • De Vreese, Claes. “A Threat Called Turkey: Perceived Religious Threat and Support for EU Entry of Croatia, Switzerland and Turkey,” Acta Politica, 48.1 (2013).
  • Heinz, Kramer, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), p. 287, footnote 40.
  • Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman. “Negotiating Europe: The Politics of Religion and the Prospects for Turkish Accession,” Review of International Studies, 32.3 (2006), p. 406.
  • McLaren, Lauren M. “Explaining Opposition to Turkish Membership of the EU,” European Union Politics, 8.2 (2007).
  • Müftüler, Leyla. “Through the Looking Glass: Turkey in Europe,” Turkish Studies, 1.1 (Spring 2000).
  • Neumann, Iver B. Uses of the Other: The East in European Identity Formation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
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