List_of_Chinese_dialects

List of varieties of Chinese

List of varieties of Chinese

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The following is a list of Sinitic languages and their dialects. For a traditional dialectological overview, see also varieties of Chinese.

Distribution of Chinese dialect groups within the Greater China Region
This video explains the differences in pronunciation and vocabulary among Mandarin Dialects (Std. Mandarin, Sichuan Mandarin and NE Mandarin) and Cantonese.

Classification

Proportions of first-language speakers[1]

  Mandarin (65.7%)
  Min (6.2%)
  Wu (6.1%)
  Yue (5.6%)
  Jin (5.2%)
  Gan (3.9%)
  Hakka (3.5%)
  Xiang (3.0%)
  Huizhou (0.3%)
  Pinghua, others (0.6%)

"Chinese" is a blanket term covering many different varieties spoken across China. Mandarin Chinese is the most popular dialect, and is used as a lingua franca across China.

Linguists classify these varieties as the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Within this broad classification, there are between seven and fourteen dialect groups, depending on the classification.

The conventionally accepted set of seven dialect groups first appeared in the second edition of the dialectology handbook edited by Yuan Jiahua (1961). In order of decreasing number of speakers, they are:

  1. Guan (including Beijing and Nanjing variants)
  2. Wu (including the Shanghainese and Suzhounese variants)
  3. Yue (including the Cantonese and Taishanese variants)
  4. Min (including the Hokkien and Fuzhounese variants)
  5. Hakka (Kejia)
  6. Xiang (Hunanese)
  7. Gan (Jiangxinese)

The revised classification of Li Rong, used in the Language Atlas of China (1987) added three further groups split from these:

  1. MandarinJin
  2. WuHuizhou
  3. YuePinghua
  4. Min
  5. Hakka (Kejia)
  6. Xiang
  7. Gan

Summary

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[2][3][4]

More information Number, Branch ...

List of languages and dialects

In addition to the varieties listed below, it is customary to speak informally of dialects of each province (such as Sichuan dialect and Hainan dialect). These designations do not generally correspond to classifications used by linguists, but each nevertheless has characteristics of its own.

Gan

  • 赣语/贛語
The main dialect areas of Gan in mainland China.
Dongkou Gan洞口话洞口話
Huaining Gan怀宁话懷寧話
Fuzhou Gan抚州话撫州話
Ji'an Gan吉安话吉安話
Leiyang Gan耒阳话耒陽話
Nanchang Gan南昌话南昌話
Xianning Gan咸宁话鹹寧話
Yichun Gan宜春话宜春話
Yingtan Gan鹰潭话鷹潭話

Mandarin

  • 官话/官話
The main dialect areas of Mandarin in mainland China.

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[5]

More information Number, Branch ...
Beijing Mandarin北京官话北京官話
  Beijing dialect北京话北京話
      Standard Chinese普通话 Putonghua (PRC)
国语 Guoyu (ROC)
标准华语 Biaozhun Huayu (Singapore)[note 1]
普通話 Putonghua (PRC)
國語 Guoyu (ROC)
標準華語 Biaozhun Huayu (Singapore)
  Philippine Mandarin菲律宾华语菲律賓華語
  Malaysian Mandarin马来西亚华语馬來西亞華語
  Chengde dialect承德话承德話
  Chifeng dialect赤峰话赤峰話
  Hailar dialect海拉尔话海拉爾話
Ji–Lu Mandarin冀鲁官话冀魯官話
  Baoding dialect保定话保定話
  Jinan dialect济南话濟南話
  Shijiazhuang dialect石家庄话石家莊話
  Tianjin dialect天津话天津話
Jianghuai Mandarin江淮官话江淮官話
  Hefei dialect合肥话合肥話
  Hainan Junjiahua军家话軍家話
  Nanjing dialect南京话南京話
  Nantong dialect南通话南通話
  Xiaogan dialect孝感话孝感話
  Yangzhou dialect扬州话揚州話
Jiao–Liao Mandarin胶辽官话膠遼官話
  Dalian dialect大连话大連話
  Qingdao dialect青岛话青島話
  Weihai dialect威海话威海話
  Yantai dialect烟台话煙台話
Lan–Yin Mandarin兰银官话蘭銀官話
  Lanzhou dialect兰州话蘭州話
  Xining dialect西宁话西寧話
  Yinchuan dialect银川话銀川話
Northeastern Mandarin东北官话東北官話
  Changchun dialect长春话長春話
  Harbin dialect哈尔滨话哈爾濱話
  Qiqihar dialect齐齐哈尔话齊齊哈爾話
  Shenyang dialect沈阳话瀋陽話
Southwestern Mandarin西南官话西南官話
  Changde dialect常德话常德話
  Chengdu dialect成都话成都話
  Chongqing dialect重庆话重慶話
  Dali dialect大理话大理話
  Guiyang dialect贵阳话貴陽話
  Kunming dialect昆明话昆明話
  Liuzhou dialect柳州话柳州話
  Wuhan dialect武汉话武漢話
  Xichang dialect西昌话西昌話
  Yichang dialect宜昌话宜昌話
  Hanzhong dialect汉中话漢中話
Zhongyuan Mandarin中原官话中原官話
  Dungan language东干语東干語
  Gangou dialect甘沟话甘溝語 (influenced by Monguor)
  Kaifeng dialect开封话開封話
  Luoyang dialect洛阳话洛陽話
  Nanyang dialect南阳话南陽話
  Qufu dialect曲埠话曲埠話
  Tianshui dialect天水话天水話
  Xi'an dialect西安话西安話
  Xuzhou dialect徐州话徐州話
  Yan'an dialect延安话延安話
  Zhengzhou dialect郑州话鄭州話
Unclassified
  Gyami language

Hui

  • 徽语/徽語

Sometimes subcategory of Wu.

Jixi Hui绩溪话績溪話
Shexian Hui歙县话歙縣話
Tunxi Hui屯溪话屯溪話
Yixian Hui黟县话黟縣話
Xiuning Hui休宁话休寧話
Wuyuan Hui婺源话婺源話
Dexing Hui德兴话德興話
Fuliang Hui浮梁话浮梁話
Jiande Hui建德话建德話
Shouchang Hui寿昌话壽昌話
Chun'an Hui淳安话淳安話
Sui'an Hui遂安话遂安話
Majin Hui马金话馬金話

Jin

  • 晋语/晉語
The main dialect areas of Jin in China.

Sometimes a subcategory of Mandarin.

  Baotou dialect包头话包頭話
  Datong dialect大同话大同話
  Handan dialect邯郸话邯郸话
  Hohhot dialect呼市话呼市話
  Taiyuan dialect太原话太原話
  Xinxiang dialect新乡话新鄉話

Hakka

  • 客家话/客家話
  Huizhou (Hakka) dialect惠州客家话惠州客家話
  Meizhou dialect梅州客家话梅州客家話
  Wuhua dialect五华客家话五華客家話
  Xingning dialect兴宁客家话興寧客家話
  Pingyuan dialect平远客家话平遠客家話
  Jiaoling dialect蕉岭客家话蕉嶺客家話
  Dabu dialect大埔客家话大埔客家話
  Fengshun dialect丰顺客家话豐順客家話
  Longyan dialect龙岩客家话龍岩客家話
  Lufeng (Hakka) dialect陆丰客家话陸豐客家話

Min

  • 闽语/閩語
The main dialect areas of Min in mainland China, Hainan and Taiwan.
Southern Min闽南语閩南語
Quanzhang Min (Hokkien)闽南话(泉漳片)閩南話 (泉漳片)
  Amoy dialect厦门话廈門話
  Quanzhou dialect泉州话泉州話
  Zhangzhou dialect漳州话漳州話
  Longhai dialect龙海话龍海話
  Zhangpu dialect漳浦话漳浦話
  Anxi dialect安溪话安溪話
  Hui'an dialect惠安话惠安話
  Tong'an dialect同安话同安話
  Jinjiang dialect 晋江话 晉江話
  Nan'an dialect 南安话 南安話
  Yongchun dialect 永春话 永春話
  Taiwanese (see regional variations) [note 2]台湾话台灣話
  Lan-nang dialect (Philippine Hokkien)咱人话/咱侬话(菲律宾福建话)咱人話/咱儂話 (菲律賓福建話)
  Singaporean Hokkien新加坡福建话新加坡福建話
  Penang Hokkien槟城福建话檳城福建話
  Muar Hokkien麻坡福建话麻坡福建話
  Medan Hokkien棉兰福建话棉蘭福建話
  Burmese Hokkien 缅甸福建话 緬甸福建話
Teochew Min (Teo-Swa, Chaoshan)潮汕方言潮汕方言
  Teochew dialect (Chaozhou)潮州话潮州話
  Shantou dialect (Swatow)汕头话汕頭話
  Jieyang dialect揭阳话揭陽話
  Chaoyang dialect潮阳话潮陽話
  Puning dialect普宁话普寧話
  Huilai dialect惠来话惠來話
  Hailufeng dialect海陆丰话海陸豐話
  Bangkok Teochew曼谷潮州话曼谷潮州話
Longyan Min龙岩片龍巖片
Zhenan Min浙南片浙南片
Datian Min
(disputed: separate Min branch)
大田片大田片
Zhongshan Min
(disputed:separate Min branch)
中山闽方言中山閩方言
  Longdu dialect隆都话隆都話
  Nanlang dialect南朗话南朗話
  Sanxiang dialect三乡话三鄉話
  Zhangjiabian dialect张家边话張家邊話
Leizhou Min
(disputed: separate Min branch)
雷州片雷州片
  • Haikang dialect海康话海康話
  Zhanjiang dialect湛江话湛江話
Qiong Wen (Hainanese)
(disputed: separate Min branch)
海南话(琼文片)海南話(瓊文片)
  Wenchang dialect文昌话文昌話
  Haikou dialect海口话海口話
Eastern Min闽东语閩東語
  Fuzhou dialect福州话福州話
  Fu'an dialect福安话福安話
  Fuding dialect福鼎話福鼎話
  Xiapu dialect霞浦话霞浦話
  Shouning dialect寿宁话壽寧話
  Zhouning dialect周宁话周寧話
  Ningde dialect宁德话寧德話
  Zherong dialect柘荣话柘榮話
  Minhou dialect闽侯话閩侯話
  Yongtai dialect永泰话永泰話
  Minqing dialect闽清话閩清話
  Changle dialect长乐话長樂話
  Luoyuan dialect罗源话羅源話
  Lianjiang dialect连江话連江話
  Fuqing dialect福清话福清話
  Pingtan dialect平潭话平潭話
  Pingnan dialect屏南话屏南話
  Gutian dialect古田话古田話
Northern Min闽北语閩北語
  Jian'ou dialect建瓯话建甌話
Shao–Jiang Min邵将语邵將語
Central Min闽中语閩中語
  Yong'an dialect永安话永安話
  Sanming dialect三明话三明話
  Sha dialect沙县话沙縣話
Pu–Xian Min莆仙话莆仙話
  Putian dialect莆田话莆田話
  Xianyou dialect仙游话仙遊話

Wu

  • 吴语/吳語
The main dialect areas of Wu in mainland China.
Taihu太湖片太湖片
  Shanghai dialect上海话上海話
  Suzhou dialect苏州话蘇州話
  Changzhou dialect常州话常州話
  Wuxi dialect无锡话無錫話
  Hangzhou dialect杭州话杭州話
  Huzhou dialect湖州话湖州話
  Jiaxing dialect嘉兴话嘉興話
  Shaoxing dialect绍兴话紹興話
  Ningbo dialect宁波话寧波話
Taizhou台州片台州片
  Taizhou dialect台州话台州話
  Linhai dialect临海话臨海話
  Sanmen dialect三门话三門話
  • Tiantai dialect天台话天台話
  Xianju dialect仙居话仙居話
  Huangyan dialect黄岩话黃岩話
  Jiaojiang dialect椒江话椒江話
  Wenling dialect温岭话溫嶺話
  Yuhuan dialect玉环话玉環話
  Ninghai dialect宁海话寧海話
Oujiang (Dong'ou)瓯江(东瓯)片甌江 (東甌) 片
  Wenzhou dialect温州话溫州話
  Yueqing dialect乐清话樂清話
  Rui'an dialect瑞安话瑞安話
  Wencheng dialect文成话文成話
Wuzhou婺州片选婺州片
  Jinhua dialect金华话金華話
  Lanxi dialect兰溪话蘭溪話
  Pujiang dialect浦江话浦江話
  Yiwu dialect义乌话義烏話
  Dongyang dialect东阳话東陽話
  Pan'an dialect磐安话磐安話
  Yongkang dialect永康话永康話
  Wuyi dialect武义话武義話
  Jiande dialect建德话建德話
Chuqu处衢片處衢片
  Lishui dialect丽水话麗水話
  Qingtian dialect青田话青田話
  Quzhou dialect衢州话衢州話
  Shangrao dialect上饶话上饒話
Xuanzhou宣州片宣州片
  Xuancheng dialect宣城话宣城話

Xiang

  • 湘语/湘語
Language map of Hunan Province.
New Xiang is orange, Old Xiang yellow, and Chen-Xu Xiang red. Non-Xiang languages are (clockwise from top right) Gan (purple), Hakka (pink along the right), Xiangnan Tuhua (dark green), Waxianghua (dark blue on the left), and Southwestern Mandarin (light blue, medium blue, light green on the left; part of dark green).
Chang–Yi Xiang (New Xiang)长益片長益片
  Changsha dialect长沙话長沙話
  Zhuzhou dialect株洲话株洲話
  Xiangtan dialect湘潭话湘潭話
  Ningxiang dialect宁乡话寧鄉話
  Yiyang dialect益阳话益陽話
  Xiangyin dialect湘阴话湘陰話
  Miluo dialect汨罗话汨羅話
  Yueyang dialect岳阳话岳陽話
Hengzhou Xiang (Hengzhou Xiang)衡州片衡州片
  Hengyang dialect衡阳话衡陽話
  Hengshan dialect衡山话衡山話
  Hengdong dialect衡东话衡東話
Lou–Shao Xiang (Old Xiang)娄邵片婁邵片
  Loudi dialect娄底话婁底話
  Shuangfeng dialect双峰话雙峰話
  Xinhua dialect新化话新化話
  Xiangxiang dialect湘乡话湘鄉話
  Shaoyang dialect邵阳话邵陽話
  Shaodong dialect邵东话邵東話
  Wugang dialect武冈话武岡話
  Qidong dialect祁东话祁東話
  Qiyang dialect祁阳话祁陽話
Chen–Xu Xiang (Chen-Xu Xiang)辰溆片辰漵片
  Chenxi dialect辰溪话辰溪話
  Xupu dialect溆浦话漵浦話
  Luxi dialect泸溪话瀘溪話
Yongquan Xiang (Yong-Quan Xiang)永全片永全片
  Yongzhou dialect永州话永州話
  Quanzhouxian dialect全州话全州話

Yue

  • 粤语/粵語
Distribution of Pinghua and Yue dialect groups in Guangxi and Guangdong[6]
     Guibei (N Pinghua)      Gou–Lou
     Guinan (S Pinghua)      Guangfu (Yuehai)
     Siyi
     Yong–Xun      Gao–Yang
     Qin–Lian      Wu–Hua
The main dialect areas of Cantonese (Yue) in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau.
Yuehai粤海方言粵海方言
Cantonese (Guangfu)广府话, 广州话, 广东话廣府話, 廣州話, 廣東話
  Hong Kong Cantonese香港粵语香港粵語
  Malaysian Cantonese马来西亚粵语馬來西亞粵語
  Wuzhou dialect梧州话梧州話
  Tanka dialect蜑家话蜑家話
  Xiguan dialect西关话西關話
Sanyi dialect (Samyap)三邑方言/南番順方言
  Nanhai dialect南海话南海話
  Jiujiang Cantonese九江白话九江白話
  Xiqiao dialect西樵话西樵話
  Panyu dialect番禺话番禺話
  Shunde dialect顺德话順德話
Zhongshan dialect中山方言/香山方言
  Shiqi dialect石岐话石岐話
  Sanjiao dialect三角话三角話
Guan-Bao dialect莞宝方言莞寶方言
  Dongguan dialect东莞话東莞話
  Bao'an dialect (Waitau dialect)宝安话/围头话寶安話/圍頭話
Yong–Xun Yue (Jungcam)邕浔方言邕潯方言
  Nanning dialect南宁话南寧話
  Yongning dialect邕宁话邕寧話
  Guiping dialect桂平话桂平話
  Chongzuo dialect崇左话崇左話
  Ningmin dialect宁明话寧明話
  Hengxian dialect横县话橫縣話
  Baise dialect百色话百色話
Goulou Yue (Ngaulau)勾漏方言
  Yulin dialect玉林话玉林話
  Guangning dialect广宁话廣寧話
  Huaiji dialect怀集话懷集話
  Fengkai dialect封开话封開話
  Deqing dialect德庆话德慶話
  Yunan dialect郁南话郁南話
  Shanglin dialect上林白话上林白話
  Binyang dialect宾阳话賓陽話
  Tengxian dialect藤县话藤縣話
Luo–Guang Yue罗广方言羅廣方言
  Luoding dialect罗定话羅定話
  Zhaoqing dialect肇庆话肇慶話
  Sihui dialect四会话四會話
  Yangshan dialect阳山话陽山話
  Lianzhou dialect连州话連州話
  Lianshan dialect连山话連山話
  Qingyuan dialect清远话清遠話
Siyi Yue (Seiyap)四邑方言
  Taishan dialect台山话台山話
  Xinhui dialect新会话新會話
  Siqian dialect司前话司前話
  Guzhen dialect古镇话古鎮話
  Enping dialect恩平话恩平話
  Kaiping dialect开平话開平話
Gao–Yang Yue高阳方言 高陽方言
  Gaozhou dialect高州话高州話
  Yangjiang dialect阳江话陽江話
Qin–Lian Yue (Jamlim)钦廉方言欽廉方言
  Beihai dialect北海话北海話
  Qinzhou dialect钦州话欽州話
  Fangchenggang dialect防城港话防城港話
  Lianzhou dialect廉州话廉州話
  Lingshan dialect灵山话靈山話
Wu–Hua Yue (Ngfaa)吴化方言吳化方言
  Wuchuan dialect吴川话吳川話
  Huazhou dialect化州话化州話

Pinghua

  • 平话/平話
Guibei Pinghua (Northern Ping)桂北平话桂北平話
    Tongdao Pinghua通道平话通道平話
Guinan Pinghua (Southern Ping)桂南平话桂南平話

Ba-Shu

  • 巴蜀语/巴蜀語
Ba-Shu Chinese巴蜀语巴蜀語
岷江话 岷江話

Other

The non-Min dialects of Hainan were once considered Yue, but are now left unclassified:

Hainan "Yue"海南方言
  Danzhou dialect儋州话儋州話
  Mai dialect迈话邁話

Mixed languages

In addition to the varieties within the Sinitic branch of Sino-Tibetan, a number of mixed languages also exist that comprise elements of one or more Chinese varieties with other languages.

Linghua伶话伶話A Mandarin Chinese and Miao mixed language
Maojia猫家话貓家話A Qo-Xiong Miao and Chinese dialects mixed language
Shaozhou Tuhua韶州土话韶州土話A group of distinctive Chinese dialects in South China, including Yuebei Tuhua and Xiangnan Tuhua. It incorporates several Chinese dialects, as well as Yao languages.
Tangwang唐汪话唐汪話A Mandarin Chinese and Dongxiang mixed language
Waxiang瓦乡话瓦鄉話An independent Chinese language variety
Wutun五屯话五屯話A Mandarin Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian mixed language

List in the Atlas

The extensive 1987 Language Atlas of China groups Chinese local varieties into the following units:[7]

  • Supergroup (大区 dàqū), of which there are but two: Mandarin and Min
  • Group (区 ), corresponding to the varieties of Chinese of the ISO standard
  • Subgroup (片 piàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other subgroups[note 3]
  • Cluster (小片 xiǎopiàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other clusters
  • Local dialect (点 diǎn), which are the dialects sampled by the Atlas

In the list below,[8] local dialects are not listed. Groups are in bold, subgroups are numbered, and clusters are bulleted.

Northeastern Mandarin
  1. Jishen
    • Jiaoning
    • Tongxi
    • Yanji
  2. Hafu
    • Zhaofu
    • Changjin
  3. Heisong
    • Nenke
    • Jiafu
    • Zhanhua
Jilu Mandarin
  1. Baotang
    • Laifu
    • Dingba
    • Tianjin
    • Jizun
    • Luanchang
    • Fulong
  2. Shiji
    • Zhaoshen
    • Xingheng
    • Liaotai
  3. Canghui
    • Huangle
    • Yangshou
    • Juzhao
    • Zhanghuan
Beijing Mandarin
  1. Jingshi
  2. Huaicheng
  3. Chaofeng
  4. Shike
Jiaoliao Mandarin
  1. Qingzhou
  2. Denglian
  3. Gaihuan
Central Plains Mandarin
  1. Zhengcao
  2. Cailu
  3. Luoxu
  4. Xinbeng
  5. Fenhe
    • Pingyang
    • Jiangzhou
    • Xiezhou
  6. Guanzhong
  7. Qinlong
  8. Longzhong
  9. Nanjiang
Lanyin Mandarin
  1. Jincheng
  2. Yinwu
  3. Hexi
  4. Tami
Southwestern Mandarin
  1. Chengyu
  2. Dianxi
    • Yaoli
    • Baolu
  3. Qianbei
  4. Kungui
  5. Guanchi
    • Minjiang
    • Renfu
    • Yamian
    • Lichuan
  6. Ebei
  7. Wutian
  8. Cenjiang
  9. Qiannan
  10. Xiangnan
  11. Guiliu
  12. Changhe
Jianghuai Mandarin
  1. Hongchao
  2. Tairu
  3. Huangxiao
(unclassified Mandarin)
  1. Hubeihua
  2. Henanhua
  3. Nanping dialect
  4. Yangyu dialect
  5. Junhua
  6. Longmen dialect
Jin
  1. Bingzhou
  2. Lüliang
    • Fenzhou
    • Xingxi
  3. Shangdang
  4. Wutai
  5. Dabao
  6. Zhanghu
  7. Hanxin
    • Cizhang
    • Huoji
  8. Zhiyan
Wu
  1. Taihu
    • Piling
    • Suhujia
    • Tiaoxi
    • Hangzhou
    • Linshao
    • Yongjiang
  2. Taizhou
  3. Oujiang
  4. Wuzhou
  5. Chuqu
    • Chuzhou
    • Longqu
  6. Xuanzhou
    • Tongjin
    • Taigao
    • Shiling
Hui
  1. Jishe
  2. Xiuyi
  3. Qide
  4. Yanzhou
  5. Jingzhan
Gan
  1. Changjing
  2. Yiliu
  3. Jicha
  4. Fuguang
  5. Yingyi
  6. Datong
  7. Leizi
  8. Dongsui
  9. Huaiyue
Xiang
  1. Changyi
  2. Loushao
  3. Jixu
Yue
  1. Guangfu
  2. Yongxun
  3. Gaoyang
  4. Siyi
  5. Goulou
  6. Wuhua
  7. Qinlian
Pinghua
  1. Guibei
  2. Guinan
Hakka
  1. Yuetai
    • Jiaying
    • Xinghua
    • Xinhui
    • Shaonan
  2. Yuezhong
  3. Huizhou
  4. Yuebei
  5. Tingzhou
  6. Ninglong
  7. Yugui
  8. Tonggu
Southern Min
  1. Zaytonese (Quanzhang / Hokkien / Taiwanese / Minnan)
  2. Hinghua (Puxian / Putianese)
  3. Beitou (Quanpu / Zuanpo)
  4. Liong-na (Longyan)
  5. Datian (Duacan / Qianluhua)
  6. Taoyuan
  7. Teochew (Chaoshan / Chaozhou)
  8. Sanxiang (Zhongshan Minnan)
  9. Luichow (Leizhou)
  10. Hainanese (Qiongwen)
Eastern Min
  1. Fuqing (S. Houguan)
  2. Foochow (C. Houguan)
  3. Kutien (Gutian / N. Houguan)
  4. Songkou (Yangzhong / W. Houguan / S. Minqing / W. Yongtai)
  5. Ningde (S. Funing)
  6. Fu'an (C. Funing)
  7. Xiapu (E. Funing)
  8. Fuding (N. Funing)
  9. Taishun (Manjiang)
  10. Cangnan (Manhua)
  11. Longtu (Longdu)
  12. Nanlang
Western Min
  1. Jianzhou (Jianou / Nanping / Minbei)
  2. Shaojiang
  3. Yongan (Minzhong)
  4. Xinqiao (Chitian / Houluhua / Wenjiang)
Central Min
  1. Youxi (Chengguan)
  2. Xibin
  3. Zhongxian (Jihua)
Unclassified topolects

See also

Notes

  1. The official sanction of Mandarin as an official language has given rise to the following varieties of Standard Mandarin in areas that did not originally speak any dialect of the Mandarin group:
  2. Includes:
    • Central Taiwanese
    • Northeastern coastal Taiwanese
    • Northern Taiwanese
    • Southern Taiwanese
  3. For example, though the Southwestern Mandarin of Chengdu is intelligible to speakers of Standard Chinese, other local variants of Southwestern Mandarin may not be mutually intelligible to each other.

References

  1. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí (dì 2 bǎn): Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn 中国语言地图集(第2版):汉语方言卷 [Language Atlas of China (2nd edition): Chinese dialect volume], Beijing: The Commercial Press, pp. 3, 125, ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
  2. "Home". ethnologue.com.
  3. Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), Language Atlas of China, Longman, ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
  4. Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. p. 63. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  5. Kurpaska (2010), pp. 64–73.

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