Open_back_unrounded_vowel

Open back unrounded vowel

Open back unrounded vowel

Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɑ⟩ in IPA

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɑ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is A. The letter ⟨ɑ⟩ is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has its linear stroke on the bottom right, should not be confused with turned script a, ɒ, which has its linear stroke on the top left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

Quick Facts ɑ, IPA Number ...
More information IPA: Vowels, Front ...

In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda)[2][3][4][5] there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal [ɑ] and [ʌ]), which can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑ̝⟩ or ⟨ʌ̞⟩.

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. [2]
    Mokari & Werner (2016), p. 509.
  3. [3]
    Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  4. [4]
    Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  5. [5]
    Shalev, Ladefoged & Bhaskararao (1993), p. 92.
  6. [6]
    Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
  7. [7]
    Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 39.
  8. [8]
    Francisco (2019), p. 74.
  9. [9]
    Saborit (2009), p. 10.
  10. [10]
    Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  11. [11]
    Recasens (1996), pp. 90–92.
  12. [12]
    Recasens (1996), pp. 131–132.
  13. [13]
    Mou (2006), p. 65.
  14. [14]
    Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  15. [15]
    Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  16. [16]
    Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  17. [17]
    Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 78, 104, 133.
  18. [18]
    Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 104, 133.
  19. [19]
    Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  20. [20]
    Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  21. [21]
    Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  22. [22]
    Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  23. [23]
    Wells (1982), p. 305.
  24. [24]
    Lass (2002), p. 117.
  25. [25]
    Lass (2002), p. 116-117.
  26. [26]
    Roach (2004), p. 242.
  27. [27]
    "Glossary". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  28. [28]
    Árnason (2011), pp. 69, 79.
  29. [29]
    Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  30. [30]
    Maddieson (1984), cited in Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  31. [31]
    Ashby (2011), p. 100.
  32. [32]
    Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 225–227.
  33. [33]
    Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
  34. [34]
    Walker (1984), p. 53.
  35. [35]
    Regueira (1996), p. 122.
  36. [36]
    Freixeiro Mato (2006), pp. 72–73.
  37. [37]
    Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  38. [38]
    Aronson, Howard (1990), Georgian: A Reading Grammar (2nd ed.), Columbus, OH: Slavica
  39. [39]
    Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 38.
  40. [40]
    Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
  41. [41]
    Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  42. [42]
    Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), pp. 342–344.
  43. [43]
    Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  44. [44]
    Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  45. [45]
    Arvaniti (2007), pp. 25, 28.
  46. [46]
    Vago (1980), p. 1.
  47. [47]
    Szende (1994), p. 92.
  48. [48]
    Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
  49. [49]
    Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  50. [50]
    Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  51. [51]
    Peters (2006), p. 119.
  52. [52]
    Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
  53. [53]
    Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  54. [54]
    Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  55. [55]
    Zaharani Ahmad (1991).
  56. [56]
    Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  57. [57]
    Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
  58. [58]
    Vanvik (1979), pp. 16–17.
  59. [59]
    Galastri (2011), p. 21.
  60. [60]
    Jones & Ward (1969), p. 50.
  61. [61]
    Teo (2014), p. 28.
  62. [62]
    Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  63. [63]
    Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  64. [64]
    Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  65. [65]
    Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  66. [66]
    Phạm, Andrea Hòa (2014), "Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)" (PDF), Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics) (in Vietnamese), 6: 10–18
  67. [67]
    Phạm, Andrea Hòa (2016), "Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]" (PDF), Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics) (in Vietnamese), 11: 7–28
  68. [68]
    de Haan (2010), p. 333.
  69. [69]
    Visser (1997), p. 14.
  70. [70]
    van der Veen (2001), p. 102.

References
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