Near-close_back_unrounded_vowel

Close back unrounded vowel

Close back unrounded vowel

Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɯ⟩ in IPA

Not to be confused with the Armenian letter ա (U+0561), the old Zhuang letter ɯ (U+026F), or the Cyrillic letter ш (U+0448).

The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɯ⟩. Typographically, it is a turned letter ⟨m⟩; given its relation to the sound represented by the letter ⟨u⟩, it can be considered a ⟨u⟩ with an extra "bowl".

Quick Facts ɯ, IPA Number ...
More information IPA: Vowels, Front ...
Spectrogram of /ɯ/

The close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of the voiced velar approximant [ɰ].

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. [2]
    Durie, Mark (1990). "Proto-Chamic and Acehnese Mid Vowels: Towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic" (PDF). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. LII, Part 1: 100–111. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00021297. S2CID 162224060. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010.
  3. [3]
    Asyik, Abdul Gani. "The Agreement System in Acehnese" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. XI: 1–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  4. [4]
    Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi (January 2003). "Acehnese Coda Condition: An Optimality-Theoretic Account" (PDF). Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities. 15 (1): 9–28.
  5. [5]
    Alves (2013), p. 269.
  6. [6]
    Ghaffarvand-Mokari & Werner 2016, p. 514.
  7. [7]
    Wells (1982), p. 557.
  8. [8]
    Wells (1982), p. 536.
  9. [9]
    Ladefoged (1999), pp. 42–43.
  10. [10]
    Warren, Paul. NZE Phonology (PDF) (Report). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2024.
  11. [11]
    Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
  12. [12]
    Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  13. [13]
    Bowerman (2004), p. 936.
  14. [14]
    Asu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
  15. [15]
    Labrune (2012), p. 25.
  16. [16]
    Okada (1999), p. 118.
  17. [17]
    dos Anjos (2012), p. 129.
  18. [18]
    Lee (1999), p. 122.
  19. [19]
    Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
  20. [20]
    Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  21. [21]
    Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  22. [22]
    Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
  23. [23]
    Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
  24. [24]
    Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)

References
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Near-close_back_unrounded_vowel, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.