People have long assumed that wheels evolved from simple wooden rollers. But how? And why? A new model focused on mechanical advantage and structural strength suggests some answers.

Rare earth elements are tiny yet essential parts of many of the technologies you use every day. New techniques are making their recovery from US sources increasingly viable.

Reclaiming and regenerating environments affected by mining tailings requires greater financing and innovation.

The democratic process of scientific study, public debate and comment helps regulators arrive at a rule that balances the needs and interests of workers, companies and the public.

Funding gaps, regulatory red tape and a shortage of skilled workers are stalling the UK’s mine-water heating projects.

A planned mining method to gather critical minerals from the seafloor would create sediment plumes higher up in the water column where many creatures live.

Scientists are exploring the deep ocean to understand how oxygen can be produced there without sunlight.

Critical minerals are in demand around the world for military, technology and other uses. A geoscientist shares what’s known about Ukraine’s reserves, which could help the country recover from war.

Critical minerals are in demand around the world for military, technology and other uses. A geoscientist shares what’s known about Ukraine’s reserves, which could help the country recover from war.

Sand mining destabilises riverbeds and affects local communities but new hi-tech surveillance can improve the monitoring of extraction and help protect these people.