Animal welfare laws don’t protect invertebrates, but there’s evidence that some, such as octopuses, are as intelligent as many mammals – even if their cognition takes very different forms.

Early modern societies in Latin America and Spain saw a convergence of traditional medical knowledge and the professionalization of medicine. The resulting differences in access to care endure today.

Some European countries view wolf protection differently to others. A look at Spain’s experience may explain why.

Europe is gripped by a heatwave called Cerberus - it may be a sign of things to come.

Data centres and lithium mines have been proposed for depopulated regions of Spain.

Signs of controlled fire use from Spain are at least 50,000 years older than previous evidence.

A farming community in north-west Spain may hold the answer to coexistence with wild carnivores.

Over the first 100 days of the pandemic, countries that quickly implemented strong policies successfully lowered their death rates faster. There were also some surprises in the successes and failures.