The
country of origin
of this photograph is Italy. It is in the
public domain
there because its copyright term has expired. According to
Law for the Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights n.633, 22 April 1941
and later revisions,
images of people or of aspects, elements and facts of natural or social life, obtained with photographic process or with an analogue one, including reproductions of figurative art and
film frames
of
film stocks
(Art. 87)
are protected for a period of 20 years from creation
(Art. 92).
This provision shall not apply to photographs of writings, documents, business papers, material objects, technical drawings and similar products
(Art. 87). Italian law makes an important distinction between "works of photographic art" and "simple photographs" (Art. 2, § 7). Photographs that are "intellectual work with creative characteristics" are protected for 70 years after the author's death (Art. 32 bis), whereas simple photographs are protected for a period of 20 years from creation.
This may not apply in countries that don't apply the
rule of the shorter term
to works from Italy. In particular, these are in the public domain in the United States only if:
This work or image is now in the
public domain
because its term of copyright has expired in Israel (
details
). According to
Israel's copyright statute from 2007
(
translation
), a work is released to the public domain on 1 January of the 71st year after the author's death (paragraph 38 of the 2007 statute) with the following exceptions:
A photograph taken on
24 May 2008 or earlier
— the
old British Mandate act
applies, i.e. on 1 January of the
51st year after the creation of the photograph
(paragraph 78(i) of the 2007 statute, and paragraph 21 of the old British Mandate act).
If the copyrights are
owned by the State
, not acquired from a private person, and there is no special agreement between the State and the author — on 1 January of the
51st year after the creation of the work
(paragraphs 36 and 42 in the 2007 statute).
You must also include a
United States public domain tag
to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States. Note that a few countries have copyright terms longer than 70 years: Mexico has 100 years, Jamaica has 95 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years. This image may
not
be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do
not
implement the
rule of the shorter term
. Honduras has a general copyright term of 75 years, but it
does
implement the rule of the shorter term. Copyright may extend on works created by French who died for France in
World War II
(
more information
), Russians who served in
the Eastern Front of World War II
(known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia) and posthumously
rehabilitated
victims of Soviet repressions (
more information
).
Public domain
Public domain
false
false
This work is in the
public domain
in the United States because it meets three requirements:
it was first
published
outside the United States (and
not
published in the U.S. within 30 days),
it was first published before 1 March 1989 without copyright notice or before 1964 without copyright renewal or before the source country established
copyright relations
with the United States,
it was in the public domain in its home country (
Italy
and
Israel
) on the
URAA
date (January 1, 1996 for most countries).
Photographs taken in Italy before 1976 were in the public domain by 1996. In Israel, photographs taken before 24 May 2008 are protected for 50 years after creation. This photograph was taken before 1944, so the copyright expired by 1965 in Italy and by 1995 in Israel.