In 1896, Dr. Emil Kraepelin observed that many of the children of his schizophrenic patients were a little different in character and behaviour from their peers, beginning in early childhood. The evidence in recent studies backs up Kraepelin’s observation that a significant number of individuals later diagnosed with schizophrenia display some common and often peculiar traits and experiences as children and adolescents. Knowing risk factor and warning signs can save many children from being diagnosed too late for the most effective treatment. With autism, for example, the American Academy of Paediatrics has issued guidelines for parents and physicians as a result of lobbying efforts by autism advocacy organizations. Parents are to watch for possible problems such as a baby avoiding eye contact, being slow to babble, or developmental issues.